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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A Calorie is a measurement of __________.
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energy
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A calorie is the amount of _______ required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C.
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heat
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Food energy is measured in __________.
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calories
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_________________ (sugars and polysaccharides) are the quickest, most readily available energy source for the body.
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carbohydrates
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The body does not store __________ __________ for the production of proteins, which are found particularly in muscles but also in all cells of the body.
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amino acids
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The unit molecule found in proteins are called __________ _________.
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amino acids
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The name "amino acid" refers to the fact that the molecule has two functional groups: an __________ group and an __________ group.
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amino
acid |
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A __________ bond joins two amino acids together.
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peptide
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A __________ contains only two amino acids, but a __________ can contain hundreds of amino acids.
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dipeptide
polypeptide |
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T or F
The secondary structure of polypeptides is the final three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide. |
False-it is the tertiary structure
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Pigment of red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport?
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hemoglobin
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Proteins have both __________ and ___________ functions in the human body.
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structural
enzymatic |
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Hemoglobin is a complex protein with a __________ structure.
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quaternary
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________ ________ are the unit molecules for peptides and polypeptides.
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amino acids
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A quaternary structure:two or more linked __________.
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polypeptides
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A nucleotide has three unit molecules: list them
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a phosphate group
a 5-carbon sugar nitrogen base |
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When nucleotides join, they form a __________ __________ strand.
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nucleic acid
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The genes we inherit determine the types of __________ we can produce in our cells.
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proteins
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Both DNA and RNA are __________ of __________;only ________ is double-stranded. _______ makes up the genes, and along with RNA, controls __________ __________.
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polymers of nucleotides
DNA DNA Protein synthesis |
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abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate
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ATP
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abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA
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abbreviation for ribonucleic acid
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RNA
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_______ stores energy in the body, _______ is a dietary source of energy, and _______ is fiber in the diet.
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Glycogen
starch cellulose |
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A fat contains two types of unit molecules: __________ and ________ __________.
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glycerol
fatty acids |
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Fatty acids are either __________ or __________.
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saturated
unsaturated |
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Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids are mostly found in vegetable oils and account for the liquid nature of these oils.
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unsaturated
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Steroids are __________ with a structure that differs entirely from that of fats.
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lipids
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In __________ __________, the individual is unable to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream and suffers from heart attacks.
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familial hypercholesterolemia
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Lipids include _______ fats (long-term, energy-storage molecules that form from ________ and __________ __________ _________) and the related ____________, which have a charged group.
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nonpolar
glycerol three fatty acids phospholipids |
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Muscles contain _________ that account for muscles' ability to contract.
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proteins
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__________ are huge biomolecules that sometimes have mainly a structural function.
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proteins
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Some proteins function as __________, necessary contributors to the chemical workings of the cell and, therefore, of the body.
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enzymes
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Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed __________ _________.
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chemical reactions
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__________ are molecules that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions.
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acids
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__________ are molecules that either take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions.
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bases
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If this pH value drops below 7.35, the person is said to have __________;if it rises above 7.45, the condition is called __________.
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acidosis
alkalosis |
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The prescence of __________ helps keep the pH constant.
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buffers
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__________ are polymers or chains of unit molecules joined together.
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biomolecules
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Glucose, fructose, and galactose are three common forms of ____________.
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monosaccharides
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Degradation of a disaccharide is a __________ reation because water is used to split a bond.
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hydrolysis
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Cells use ________ as their primary energy source.
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glucose
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Sucrose, which is ordinarily derived from sugarcane and sugar beets, is commonly know as __________ __________.
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table sugar
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A ______________ is a carbohydrate that contains a large number of monosaccharide molecules.
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polysaccharide
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Three polysaccharides are common in animals and plants: __________, ________, ________.
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glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
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If the blood contains more glucose, it spills over into the urine, signaling that the condition __________ exists.
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diabetes
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_________ is the storage form of glucose in humans.
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glycogen
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Fatty acids can be __________ (no double bonds) or ____________ (have double bonds).
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saturated
unsaturated |
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When a fat molecule forms, ______ ______ _______ combine with __________ and three water molecules are produced.
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three fatty acids
glycerol |
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Atoms can be different, as when oxygen atom joins with two hydrogen atoms to form water. When the atoms are different, a __________ results.
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compound
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An ___(magnetic resonance imaging) is the opposite of an Xray and is more useful for imaging ______ ______.
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MRI
soft tissues |
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___ (positron emission tomography) is a variation on CAT scanning.
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PET
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During ___(computerized axial tomography) scans, X rays are sent through the body at various angles, and a computer uses the X-ray information to form a series of cross sections.
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CAT
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because the water molecule has charged atoms, it is called a ______ molecule.
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polar
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Polar molecules are similar to magnets in that they have _______ and _______ poles.
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positive
negative |
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_______ bonds cause water molicules to be cohesive---to cling together.
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hydrogen
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Without _________ bonding betwwen molecules, water would easily boil and easily freeze, making life impossible.
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hygrogen
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______, ______, and ______ are compounds that dissociate;that is, they ionize in water.
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salts
acids bases |
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Salts, acids, and bases are _________ that dissociate;that is, they _________ in water.
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compounds
ionize |
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Substances that break apart and release ions when put into water are called __________, since the ions can coduct an electrical current.
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electrolytes
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The __________ balance in the blood and body tissues is important for good health.
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electrolyte
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A carbon atom has six protons and six neutrons; therefore its atomic weight is ______ atomic mass units. The atomic number of carbon is six; therefore, it has ____ protons and _____ electrons.
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12
6 6 |
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The atomic weight, or mass, of each atom is noted in the periodic table __________ the atomic symbol.
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beneath
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The subscript stands for the _______ _______ and the superscript stands for the ________ ________.
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atomic number
atomic weight |
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Certain isotopes, called __________ __________, are unstable---they break apart to form smaller atoms and release radiation in the process.
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radioactive isotopes
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A central nucleus contains the __________ and __________, while the __________ are located outside the nucleus in shells.
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protons
neutrons electrons |