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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
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- 3rd side (hint)
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6 Pieces of evidence of evolution? |
Fossils Homologous structures Analogous features Vestigial features Embryology Artificial selection |
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How are fossils evidence of evolution? |
Similarities between fossils and animals we have now |
Similarities |
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What are homologous structures? |
Shows individual variation on a common anatomical theme. Seen in organisims that are closely related. |
Variation |
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Analogous features |
Have very different anatomies but similar functions. Organisms are not closely related, but live in similar environments. |
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Vesitigal features |
Anatomical remnants that were important in organism's ancestors, but are no longer used in the same ways |
Remanants |
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Embryology |
The more closely related two organisms are, the longer they'll resemble each other |
Looks alike |
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Natural selection observations? |
-in each gen. the pop. produces more off spring then there are adults -pops. don't continue to grow in size -food and other resources are limited Therefor peps in pops compete for resources -peeps in a pop vary -many variations are heritable Therefor some individuals inherit characteristics that give them a better chance at survival |
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Directional selection? |
Results in a shift away from the average condition. Common in artificial breeding. Occurs when selection favours individuals with a more extreme variation of a trait. |
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Stabilizing selection? |
Occurs when the average phentotype in an environment is favourable. Selection against individuals deviating from the norm |
Don't deviate |
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Distruptive selection? |
Favours individuals with a phentotype at opposite extremes of a trait. |
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Sexualizing selection? |
Different reproductive success caused by variations in the ability to obtain mates |
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Sexualizing selection? |
Different reproductive success caused by variations in the ability to obtain mates |
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Microevolution? |
Emphasizes genetic change |
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Macroevolution? |
Appearence and physical distinction, life forms grouped within a taxonomic hierarchy |
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Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms? |
Ecological isolation - species occupy different habitats Temporal isoltation - species breed at different times Behavioural isolation - species engage in distinct courtships and mating rituals Mechanical isolation - interbreeding is prevented by structural or molecular blockage of formation of the zygot |
There's 4 |
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Post-zygotic isolating mechanisms? |
-Hybrid inviability - Development of the zygote proceeds abnormally and the hybrid is aborted -Hybrid sterility - The hybrid is healthy but sterile |
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Primates? |
A group of large brained, nostly aboreal mammals that include monkeys, apes, and humans |
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Homo sapiens? |
First evolved in Africa and began spreading about 50,000 years ago |
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Genetic Drift? |
Genetic makeup of a pop. can change just by chance. Changes to allele frequency as a result of chance. (More pronounced in small pops.) |
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Bottlenecks |
A dramatic (often temporary) reducation in pop. size, usually resulting in genetic drift. Results in the loss of genetic diversity, many alleles likely to be eliminated.
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Founder effect |
Occurs when a small number of individuals establish a new pop. |
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Hardy-Weinberg principle? |
In a larger pop. where only random chance is at work allele frequencies are expected to remain the same from gen to gen. Math? |
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Succession |
The gradual change over time in the species that form a community |
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Factors that affect plant growth and differentiations? |
Light (for photosynthesis), Nutrients (found in soil) Tempurature (Extreme heat or cold affects germination) Soil (Soil pH and nutrients in the soil) |
4 |
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Plant Growth Regulators? |
Tropisms (growth response to stimulus) Auxins (Promote stem elongation) Gibberellins (Hormones that regulate stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering) Absicisic Acid (Controls seed and bud dormancy, organ size and stomatal closure) |
4 |
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Plant responses to the environment? |
Phototropism (Orientation of the plant in response to light) Gravitropism (A coordinated process of differential growth in response to gravity) Thigmotropism (The turning/bending of a plant in response to touch/stimulus) Hydrotropism (The growth/turning of plant roots towards/away from moisture) |
Trophisms |
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Factors that regulate growth |
Auxins (plant hormone that causes the elongation of cells in shoots) Gibberelins (Any group of plant hormones that stimulate stem elongation, germination, flowering) Cytokinins (Plant hormones that promote cell division and growth delay of leaves) Ethylene (An aging hormone in plants. Makes fruits produce) |
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Alternation of Generation |
Meiosis - spores (n) -male/female gametophytes (n) - mitosis male/female - gametes (n) - zygotes (2n) - spororphytes(2n) |
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Pistil/carpel (female) parts |
Stigma (where the pollin attaches) Style (Holds stigma above the flower) Ovary (produces egg (ovum) inside Ovule becomes seed Ovary develops fruit |
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Reproduction in angiosperms? |
Sex. -Pollination and fertilisation -Seed disperse -Germination |
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Stamen (Male) |
Anther (Produces pollen, contains sperm) Flament (Holds anther above flower) |
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Common techniques of vegetative propagation? |
Division/Splitting (Splits into two or more pieces, each containing intact shoots and roots) Grafting (A bud or portion of the stem or root is cut from one plant and joined to another) Cutting (Part of a leaf, stem or root is cut from a plant and placed in a growth medium. Develops roots and shoots) Layering (In plants with long vine-type stems a section of a stem is bent to touch the ground and is buried) Tissue culturing (An individual cell or a small piece of plant tissue is placed in or on a sterile nutrient that promotes shoot and root growth) |
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Function of the roots? |
Water and nutrient absorbtion, plant anchor |
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Function of stems? |
Transportation Connects leaves to roots efficency structure/support |
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Function of leaves? |
For conducting photosynthesis Storage Protection |
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Xylem? (what it transports and how) |
Water. Osmosis, Transpiration (evaporates from the leaves) Capillary action (particle attraction) |
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Phloem? (what and how) |
Sugar. Translocation (long distance transportation) |
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Monocots? |
1 seed leaf Parallel-veined leaves Primary vascular bundles scattered Pollen monosulcate Root system adventitious |
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Dicots |
2 seed leafs Net veined leaves Primary vascular bundles in a ring Root system primary and adventitious |
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Path Through the digestive system? |
Oral cavity/nose - pharynx - epiglottis - esophogus - cardiac sphincter - stomache - puloric sphincter - small intestine (duodenum - jejunum - ileum) - ileocecal valve - large intestine (cecum - appendix - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anus) |
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Accesory organs? |
Salivary glands - acts as a lubricant, chemical breakdown of starches and sugars Liver - makes bile to help with digestion of fats Gallblader - attached to the right lobe of the liver, stores bile Pancrease - produces enzymes (breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins) regulates blood sugar with hormones. |
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Functions of the stomach and what it contains? |
J shaped and stretchable. Contains rugae. Gastric juices contain mucous, enzymes and hydrochloric acid. Mucous is secreted to protect lining, enzymes break down proteins. |
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Small intestine. Parts and functions? |
Absorption through the villi and microvilli. Duodenum receives secretions from pancreas and liver. Jejunum absorbs carbs, proteins, fats vitamins, minerals into the blood stream. Ileum the absorbtion continues. |
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Large intestines? |
Rea sorbs water, along with some salts and vitamins, holds and compounds waste. |
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Types of eeeat? |
Ingestion - process of consuming a substance and taking it into the body Digestion - mechanical and chemical break down of food Absorbtion - passage through cell membranes Egestion - discharge or expulsion of undigested material |
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Respiratory system pathway? |
Nasal cavity - pharynx - epiglottis - larynx - trachea - lungs - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - capillaries (intercostal muscles and diaphragm ) |
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The process of inhalation? |
Rib muscles contract - rib cage moves up and out - diaphragm contrasts - cavity increases - reduced air pressure |
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The process of inhalation? |
Rib muscles contract - rib cage moves up and out - diaphragm contrasts - cavity increases - reduced air pressure |
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Process of exhalation? |
Rib cage and diaphragm relax - returns to resting position - increases air pressure |
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What are the 4 components of blood made up of? |
Plasma - 55% of blood. Dissolves salts, proteins, hormones, nutrients and waste. RBC - most abundent, made in bone marrow, stored in spleen, don't have nuclei. Hemoglobins help to bind O2 WBC - defends body from infections, made in bone marrow, creates pus in cuts or infection Platelets - made from special cells in bone marrow. Clots broken blood vessels. |
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Arteries? |
Thick walled vessels Pumps away from the heart Stretchy Withstands high pressure Atrioles are smaller and less elastic |
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Veins? |
Merged venules Thinner walls Less muscle Transports blood back to the heart Contains one way valves to keep the flow going |
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Capillaries? |
Narrowiest One cell thick Where gas diffusion to occur |
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Pulmonary circuit? |
Superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonic valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins Low pressure to the lungs back to the heart |
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Systemic circuit? |
Left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta |
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Meiosis phase 1? |
Prophase 1 - chromosomes begin to condense (Diploid) Metaphase 1 - homologous pairs lines up along the equilateral plate (Diploid) Anaphase 1 - spindle fibres pull the two pairs apart to either side of the cell (Diploid) Telophase 1 - a cleavage forms and pinches the cell into 2 (Haploid) |
Pmat |
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Meiosis phase 2? |
Prophase 2 - the nucleus envelop dissolves and the centrioles go to opposite poles (Haploid) Metaphase 2 - the centrioles spit out spindle fibres that attach to centromeres (Haploid) Anaphase 2 - the spindle fibres pull apart the chromatids to the opposite polls (Haploid) Telophase 2 - the membrane pinches inwards, making a total of 4 new cells (Haploid) |
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Homologous pairs? |
Matching pairs of chromosomes , carrying info for the same genes (but they're not identical) |
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Mendel's law of segregation? |
Members of a pair of alleles for a given trait are segregated when gametes are formed |
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Mendel's law of independent assortment? |
When 2 or more pairs of characteristics are considered at one time, each pair shows dominance and segregation independently of the other |
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Incomplete dominance? |
The dominance doesn't "hide" the recessive. 2 alleles work together to make a new phenotype. Neither gene is Dom. |
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Co- dominance |
2 alleles are expressed at the same time. Each allele shows up separately, neither one is dominant. |
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Multifactoral traits |
Traits whose phentotypes are controlled by genes found at many loci. Shows continuous distribution |
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Autosomal recessive? |
Both parents of an affected individual must be heterozygous. Not in every gen. Males and females equal. |
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Autosomal dominance |
Half the children of the affected parent expected to be affected. Trait's transmitted from only an affected individual. |
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X- linked recessive |
No father to son transmission. Mostly males are affected. |
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Anueploidy |
During meiosis separation of chromosomes doesn't occur properly resulting in cells having too many or too few chromosomes. Cause by nondisjunction |
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Nondisjunction |
Failure of homologous chromosome not seperating properly in meiosis 1 or sister chromatids not seperating in meiosis 2 |
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Monosomy |
Sex cells missing one chromosome |
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Polysomy |
More chromosomes than required |
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Mistakes in chromosomes crossing over? |
Deletion - when exchanged info doesn't reattach to homologous. AB_DE Inversion - segment of DNA reattaches to correct homologous but in reverse. ABDCE Duplication - exchanged info is repeated on to homologous. ABBCDE Translocation - movement of info from one chromosome go a non- homologous chromosome. |
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Some single gene defects? |
Tay-Sachs. Autosomal recessive. Severe brain deterioration. Causes death by age 3/4
Huntington's Disease. Autosomal dominant. Brain tissue deterioration. Onset around 30s/40s
Hemophilia. X linked recessive. Blood clotting problem. |
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The hierarchy? |
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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The kingdoms? |
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Animelia |
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Binomial nomenclature? |
Scientifically naming ****. Genus - species |
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Bacteria general info? |
Oldest living thing on earth Single celled Prokaryotes - DNA's not surrounded by membrane |
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Bacteria structure? |
Cell walls provids support/protection Cell membrane inside a cell wall helps control passage of material Some have flagella for transportation, others just wiggle their cytoplasm |
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Ways of classifying bacteria? |
S - shape H - how they reproduce R - reaction to staining N - nutrition R - respiration |
Shrnr |
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Bacteria nutrition and respiratoion |
Nutrition - most eubacteria are heterotrophs, they obtain their energy from breaking down organic molecules from environment. Parasites absorb from living things. Saprobes decompose. Respiration - aerobic - utilizes O2 to produce energy. Anaerobic - O2 free |
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Bacteria nutrition and respiratoion |
Nutrition - most eubacteria are heterotrophs, they obtain their energy from breaking down organic molecules from environment. Parasites absorb from living things. Saprobes decompose. Respiration - aerobic - utilizes O2 to produce energy. Anaerobic - O2 free |
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Bacteria - asexual and sexual reproduction? |
Binary fission - cell makes a single copy of its chromosome, elongates, and separates. Identical! Conjugation - bacterial become attached by pili one transfers part of its chromosomes |
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Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes? |
Eukaryotes - membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus. Can be single celled or multi celled. Reproduces through mitosis and mieosis. Ex humans Prokaryotes - not membrane bound, no nucleus. Single celled. reproduces through binary fission. Ex bacteria |
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Viruses : General Info |
Don't fit into any of the kingdoms Needs a host to survive
Protein layer called capsul to protect |
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Viruses: classifying |
Shape and size Site of replication/type of disease they cause Host type Dan or ran Use of serum antibodies |
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Lytic cycle/lysogenic cycle? |
Lytic - I njection, r eplication, a ssembly, L ysis (break) Lysogenic - same as lytic, but there's a host cell replication stage (much faster) |
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Fungi: General info |
Most common but least visable, heterotrophic External digestion, are saprobes |
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Mushroom reproduction (spores) |
The spores germinate hyphae with single nuclei seperated by a septa. When two hyphae come into contact with each other their cells fuse Spores grow into larger mycelium and produce a mushroom cap. Spores - hyphae - mycelium |
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Yeast reproduction (budding) |
Individual yeast cell acts like a tiny hyphae The nucleus divids and a septum forms |
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Classifying protists |
Plant like - chlorophyll. Antotrophs. Asexual - binary fission. Sexual - conjugation. Source food for marine life. Animal like - heterotrophs. Moves to obtain food. Asexual, sexual. Causes milaria, dystentary, sleeping sickness. Fungi like - live as single celled or joined to others. Leaves a slime trail. Asexual - spores. |
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