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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
population change
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= (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
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Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
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births + immigration = deaths + emigration
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birth rate / crude birth rate
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the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year
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death rate / crude death rate
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the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year
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replacement-level fertility
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number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves
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total fertility rate (TFR)
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an estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years if between ages 15 and 49 she bears children at the same rate as women did this year
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life expectancy
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the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
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infant mortality rate
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the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday
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age structure
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the proportion of the population at each age level
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demographic transition
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as countries become industrialized, first their death rates and then their birth rates decline
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family planning
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provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them
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Industrialized agriculture / high-input agriculture
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uses large amounts of fossil fuel, energy, water, commercial fertilizers, pesticides to produce huge quantities of single crops or livestock animals for sale
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plantation agriculture
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form of industrialized agriculture practiced primarily in tropical developing countries
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traditional subsistence agriculture
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uses mostly human labor and draft animals to produce enough crops or livestock for a farm family's survival
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traditional intensive agriculture
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farmers increase their inputs of human and draft labor, fertilizer, and water to get a higher yield per area of cultivated land to produce enough food to feed their families and to sell for income
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green revolution
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process in which increased global food production comes from increased yields per unit area of cropland
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polyvarietal cultivation
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plot is planted with varieties of same crop
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intercropping
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two or more different crops grow at the same time on a plot
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agroforestry / alley cropping
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crops and trees are planted together
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polyculture
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complex form of intercropping in which different plants maturing at various times are planted together
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interplanting
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farmers grow several crops on the same plot
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undernutrition
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people who can't grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs
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malnutrition
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deficiencies of protein and other key nutrients
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overnutrition
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food energy intake exceeds energy use and causes excess body fat
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genetic engineering / gene splicing
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insertion of an alien gene into a commercially valuable plant to give it a new beneficial genetic trait
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genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
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gene splicing
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pastures
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managed grasslands or enclosed meadows planted with domesticated grasses or other forage
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undergrazing
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absence of grazing for long periods can reduce the net primary productivity of grassland vegetation and grass cover
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fisheries
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concentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water
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overfishing
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taking of so many fish that too little breeding stock is left to maintain numbers
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