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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the normal frequency of antenatal visits?
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every 4 weeks up until 28 weeks, every 2 weeks up until 36 weeks then weekly visits until delivery
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what two procedures are carried out at every antenatal visit?
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blood pressure and fundal height
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why are women at risk of UTI during pregnancy?
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stasis and dilatation of renal collecting system (due to mechanical obstruction to the ureters and progesterone mediated dilatation)
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t/f... patients with recurrent UTIs or pyelinephritis should be maintained on prophylactic antibiotics throughout pregnancy
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true
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why is folate recommended during pregnancy?
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to reduce neural tube defects
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what are the early symptoms of pregnancy?
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increase in size and tenderness of breasts, nausea, vomiting, urinary frequency, constipation, backache, dizziness, fatigue
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what percentage of pregnant women are affected by hyperemesis gravidarum?
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0.1%
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what are the common later symptoms of pregnancy?
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urinary frequency, incontinence, weight gain, binge eating, pica, oedema, sweating, breathlessness, heartburn, haemorrhoids, varicose veins, muscle spasm, back pain
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which hormones are produced by the placenta?
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human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, progesterone
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which hormones are produced by the feto-placental unit?
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oestrogens
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which hormones are released by the endometrium?
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prolactin, renin
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which hormones in pregnancy originate in the mother?
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cortisol, angiotensin, aldosterone
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what is the action of hCG?
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ovarian support, sexual differentiation of the male foetus, regulation of the foetal adrenal cortex, maternal thyroid stimualation
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what does human placental lactogen do?
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alters maternal metabolsim to ensure a glucose supply to the foetus
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what is the action of progesterone?
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relaxation of smooth muscle (allows for uterine enlargement, causes increased blood flow to peripheral circulation), causes alteration in maternal metabolism by diminishing CO2 produciton and antagonsing insulin, aids breast development for breast feeding, alters mother's ability to concentrate and recall facts
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what is the average weight gain in pregnancy?
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12.5 kg
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what is the cardiac response to progesterone mediated vasodilation?
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cardiac output increases, intravascular volume increases, peripheral resistance is reduced
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how much does blood volume increase during pregnancy?
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up to 50% at term
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what is the increase in red cell mass during pregnancy?
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33%
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what happens to maternal CO2 and O2 levels during pregnancy?
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CO2 falls and O2 rises due to an increase in depth of breathing because of a rise in basal metabolic rate and the progesterone effect on the brain stem
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what is the effect on creatinine clearance during pregnancy?
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increases by 40%
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how is the immune system affected during pregnancy?
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decrease in cell-mediated immunity and increase in humoral immunity
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what might protein in the urine in pregnancy indicate?
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pre-eclampsia
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what is placenta previa?
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placenta covering opening from uterus to cervix
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