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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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____ are one of the most common symptoms and the causes may be varied and are frequently unknown.
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Headaches
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____ h/a are often associated with people who have muscle tension. There is no photophobia, noise sensitivity N/V.
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Tension
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Triggers of tension h/a include:
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PMS or insomnia
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A tension h/a is described as
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band or vice like with gradual onset and bilateral pain.
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If a person has a h/a you should ____ before intervening.
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assess
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____ h/a are characterized by severe unilateral burning pain behind the eyes.
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Cluster
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____ h/a result from abnormal vasodilation and vasoconstriction of cranial nerves.
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Migraine
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3 stages of a migraine are
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-aura
-headache -post headache |
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The aura is the vaso____ phase of a migraine.
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constriction
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The headaches is the vaso____ phase of a migraine.
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dilation
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During the ____ the area is sensitive to touch. A deep aching pain is present and the person is exhausted.
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post headache
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Two types of medications used for migraines are
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abortive meds and prophylactic therapy
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____ meds are taken during the aura to stop the h/a. They can be taken PO, SC, nasally.
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Abortive
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Two types of abortive medications are
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Imitrex and Zomig
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Abortive medications are serotonin selective agonists that act as vasoconstrictors therefore they are contraindicated for
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people with HTN, angina, and renal issues.
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____ with serotonin agonist or beta blockers are used when people have a lot of h/a. They help prevent start of h/a but may cause bradycardia.
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Prophylactic therapy
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Two types or prophylactic therapy meds for h/a are
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Coregard and Tenormin
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Medications for cluster h/a are _____.
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prophylactic therapy
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Medications for tension h/a are
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aspirin and acetaminophen
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Non-pharmacologic treatment for tension h/a includes:
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rest
heat and cold relaxation techniques erect posture acupuncture |
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Non-pharmacologic treatments for cluster h/a includes:
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smoking cessation and avoid alcohol
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Non-pharmacologic treatments for migraine h/a includes:
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quiet, dim room
acupuncture biofeedback, TENS regular sleep habits regular meals exercise stress reduction |
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____ is a chronic disorder of abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.
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Epilepsy
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A ____ is a single event of abnormal discharges from the brain resulting in abrupt and temporary loss of cerebral function. It is also called a convulsion.
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seizure
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Risk factors for seizures include
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-birth injuries
-infections -vascular abnormalities -trauma -tumors -unknown cause |
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____ seizures occur when there are abnormal discharges in one hemisphere of the brain.
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Partial
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When a person has a ____ seizure there is no loss of consciousness. Muscle contractions and motor activity is confined to one area of the body.
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Simple partial
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A _____ seizure is when consciousness is impaired. The person has repetitive motions (lip smacking, chewing, picking at clothes), may have aura, and period of amnesia.
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Complex partial
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Two types of generalized seizures are:
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-absence
-tonic-clonic |
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During an ____ seizure there is no abnormal activity. The person has periods of staring and they lose the ability to interact with their environment.
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absence
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A ____ seizure is the most visible. It involves both hemispheres and deeper structures of the brain. People always have impaired consciousness.
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tonic-clonic
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During the ___ phase of a tonic-clonic seizure the body gets rigid and teeth clench. The person may stop breathing and turn blue. It lasts abt 15-60 seconds.
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tonic
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During the ___ phase of a tonic-clonic seizure there is repetitive body motion that involves the head, arms, and legs moving rhythmically. The person may have hyperventilation, frothy secretions and eyes roll back. It lasts 60-90 seconds.
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clonic
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_____ is continuous, ongoing seizure activity (5 minutes or more) with periods of non-activity in between.
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Status epilepticus
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Status epilepticus is seen in epilepsy and is life threatening because of
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hypoxia, acidosis, hypoglycemia, and waste products begin to build up in the body causing some people to die.
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During the tonic phase of a seizure the priority is
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SAFETY
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During the clonic phase of a seizure the priority is
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AIRWAY
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During the post-ictal phase of a seizure the patient will
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sleep for hours so don't let them drive.
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5 anticonvulsants that can be taken for seizures are
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Dilantin
Tegretol Depakene Klonopin Mysoline |
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____ should be taken on an empty stomach. A complication is gum hyperplasia.
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Dilantin
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Anticonvulsants control the seizure by reducing the spread of _____.
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electrical discharges
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____ and ____ may cause hepatotoxicity, jaundice, fever, and mouth ulcers.
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Tegretol and Depakene
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___ and ___ can cause a rash that may develop into blisters and ataxia.
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Dilantin and Mysoline
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Anticonvulsants ____ seizures, NOT _____.
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control
NOT cure |
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All anticonvulsants can cause
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drowsiness at first
numbness vision changes |
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Anticonvulsants have a detrimental effect on ____ and are associated with ____ therefore increase Vitamin D and do bone density tests.
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oral contraceptives
bone disease (osteoporosis) |
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Principles of seizure medication management are
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-start with one drug
-use therapeutic ranges to guide dosage -use two drugs if necessary |
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The major issue with seizure med management is
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non-compliance.
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A ____ is sometimes used with children who have hard to control seizures. They have high fat intake.
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ketogenic diet
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Seizure management can include
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-medications
-ketogenic diet (children) -seizure dogs -surgery |
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The long term goal of seizure management is to protect from ____ and prevent seizures without ______ ____ or causing undesirable side effects.
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harm
decreasing or impairing cognitive function |
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Clues that a patient has meningitis are a positive ____ or ____ sign
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Brudenski
Kernig |
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A ____ sign is positive when the patient lays flat and tries to bend their chin to chest but knees come up.
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Brudenski
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A ____ sign is when the patient lays flat and you pull up their knee and try to straighten but there is pin or resistance.
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Kernig
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If a pt has bacterial meningitis, the fluid from the spinal tap will be _____ because of bacteria present and the glucose will be ____.
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cloudy
lower than the blood glucose |
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____ is when the patient can't ben their chin down.
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Nuchal rigidity
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Therapeutic management of a patient with meningitis includes:
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start on antibiotics
give IV fluids steroids med to decrease ICP |
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Prevention of meningitis includes
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community prophylaxis and vaccine
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The most precise determinant of meningitis and appropriate treatment is a _____.
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culture sensitivity test
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Two types of prophylaxis medications for meningitis are ____ and ____ in single doses.
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Rifampin and Cipro
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Manifestations of a brain tumor include:
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-headache
-papilledema -N/V -seizure -mental confusion -personality changes -drowsiness |
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A cerebellar tumor causes _____.
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mobility issues
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A frontal tumor causes _____.
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people to be forgetful
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A occipital tumor causes _____.
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vision problems
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____ is an inflamed blood vessel in the eye.
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Papilledema
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Brain tumor diagnosis is done with
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MRI, CT, EEG.
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If a patient has or is suspected to have a brain tumor, assess their LOC using the ____.
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Glasgow Coma Scale
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Treatment options for a brain tumor include
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Craniotomy
radiation chemotherapy gamma knife anticonvulsants corticosteroids |
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If a patient is having a craniotomy, the preoperative focus is ____.
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what is normal for this patient.
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Technique for a craniotomy could be ____ or _____.
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Burr holes or a transphenoidal approach.
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Immediate post-op care for a craniotomy patient includes
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-check for CSF drainage or bleeding
-evaluate LOC and full motor capabilities -monitor for IICP -monitor glucose |
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The most common complication for a craniotomy is
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cerebral edema.
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the _____ often caused by bacteria but can be viral.
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meningal membranes
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Many of the meningitis bacteria are related to people who have _____.
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upper respiratory infections
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With meningitis patients have _____.
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Increased intracranial pressure
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The causative agent of meningitis is _____. It causes more problematic meningitis and it resides in nasal passages.
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niceria meningititus
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Modes of transmission for meningitis include:
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-airborne
-droplets -also associated with head injuries or fractures of the skull allowing pathogens in |
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Manifestations of meningitis are
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-sudden explosive h/a d/t meningeal irritation
-light sensitivity -drowsy -stiff neck -rash -seizure type activity |
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People who have had their ____ removed are at increased risk for meningitis and pneumonia.
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spleen
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A person who is ____ asplenic has had their spleen removed.
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anatomically
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A person who is ____ asplenic has it but it does not function. ex. Sickle Cell
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functional
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____ meningitis is the milder form.
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Viral
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Meningitis is a possible complication from a ______.
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craniotomy
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When people have surgical procedures and get meningitis they will often have a drippy nose. Two ways to assess this nasal drip do confirm meningitis are
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-use a dextrose strip
-look on pillowcase for drainage with a halo |
