101 First Aid / Safety Fundamentals

Front 1

101.1 Discuss the concept of ORM.

Back 1

OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT

•Is a decision making tool used by personnel at all levels to increase operational effectiveness by identifying, assessing, and managing risks. By reducing the potential for loss, the probability of a successful mission is increased.
•Increases our ability to make informed decisions by providing a formal operational risk management process.
•Minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with mission accomplishment.
•Applies to off-duty activities due to their own diverse set of hazards and risks. ORM must be practiced 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year.

Front 2

101.2 State the five steps of ORM.

Back 2

1. Identify Hazards
2. Assess Hazards
3. Make Risk Decisions
4. Implement Controls
5. Supervise

Front 3

101.2 Explain Idetifying Hazards as it applies to ORM.

Back 3

Any condition with the potential to negatively impact mission accomplishment or cause injury, death, or property damage. Hazard identification is the foundation of the entire RM process.
1.Analyze the mission - Conduct analysis by reviewing the plans and orders describing the mission or task, identifying the specified and implied tasks, and defining the requirements and conditions needed to accomplish those tasks.
2.List the Hazards - With the mission or task mapped out, each event in the sequence is reviewed for hazards.
3.Determine the Hazard Root Cause - Make a list of the causes associated with each identified hazard.

Front 4

101.2 Explain Assessing Hazards as it applies to ORM.

Back 4

For each hazard identified, determine the associated degree of risk in terms of probability and severity.

1.Severity - This is an assessment of the potential consequence that can occur as a result of a hazard and is defined by the degree of injury, illness, property damage, loss of assets (time, money, personnel), or effect on the mission or task.
2.Probability - This is an assessment of the likelihood that a potential consequence may occur as a result of a hazard and is defined by assessment of such factors as location, exposure (cycles or hours of operation), affected populations, experience, or previously established statistical information.
3.Complete Risk Assessment - Combine the severity with the probability to determine the risk assessment code (RAC) or level of risk for each hazard, expressed as a single Arabic number.

Front 5

101.2 Explain Making Risk Decisions as it applies to ORM.

Back 5

There are three basic actions which ultimately lead to making informed risk decisions:

1.Identify Control Options - For each hazard, develop one or more control options that either avoid the hazard or reduce its risk to an acceptable level.
2.Determine Control Effects - With controls identified, the hazard should be re-assessed, taking into consideration the effect the control will have on the severity and or probability.
3.Make Risk Decisions - A key element of the risk decision is determining if the risk is acceptable.

Front 6

101.2 Explain Implementing Controls as it applies to ORM.

Back 6

There are three basic actions which ultimately lead to making informed risk decisions:

1.Identify Control Options - For each hazard, develop one or more control options that either avoid the hazard or reduce its risk to an acceptable level.
2.Determine Control Effects - With controls identified, the hazard should be re-assessed, taking into consideration the effect the control will have on the severity and or probability.
3.Make Risk Decisions - A key element of the risk decision is determining if the risk is acceptable.

Front 7

101.2 Explain Supervising as it applies to ORM.

Back 7

Supervise and review involves determining the effectiveness of risk controls throughout the mission or task.

1.Monitor - Monitor the operation to ensure the controls are implemented correctly.
2.Review - When controls are applied and during the mission or task, a continuous systematic review must be accomplished to see if the risks versus the benefits and value are balanced.
3.Feedback - A review by itself is not enough. A mission or task feedback system should be established.

Front 8

101.3 State the instruction that governs safety and mishap reporting.

Back 8

•OPNAVINST 5102.1D

Front 9

101.4 Define hazard severity and discuss the 4 categories of hazard severity.

Back 9

•Hazard Severity - Effect of Hazard
I.Loss of Mission Capability, Unit Readiness or Asset; Death
II.Significantly Degraded Mission Capability or Unit Readiness; Severe Injury or Damage
III.Degraded Mission Capability or Unit Readiness; Minor Injury or Damage
IV.Little or No Impact to Mission Capability or Unit Readiness; Minimal Injury or Damage

Front 10

101.5 Define mishap probability and describe the 4 subcategories of mishap probability.

Back 10

•Mishap Probability - Frequency of Occurrence Over Time
A.Likely
B.Probable
C.May
D.Unlikely

Front 11

101.7 Discuss the timeliness and means for filing mishap investigations reports.

Back 11

•Class A Mishap: within eight hours of the mishap by telephone or electronic means.
•Notify COMNAVSAFECEN and the chain of command regarding all other on-duty DoD civilian and all on and off-duty military fatalities regardless of cause (suicide, homicide, medical, etc.) within eight hours by electronic means.

Front 12

101.8 Name the 4 required mishap reportable items.

Back 12

•Class A, B and C government property damage mishaps.
•Class A, B, and C on-duty DoD civilian mishaps and military on/off-duty mishaps.
•Any other work-related illness or injury that involves medical treatment beyond first aid, loss of consciousness, and/or days away from work, as well as light duty or limited duty for on/off-duty military personnel, or days of job transfer or restricted work for on-duty civilians.
•Other incidents of interest to the Navy and Marine Corps for mishap prevention purposes, and those addressed by reference 3g.

Front 13

101.9 State the purpose of a HAZREP message.

Back 13

•HAZREP - Submitted when the elimination and control of a given hazard has community-wide implication in reducing mishaps. Providing information on problems with widespread relevance will help reduce mishaps.

Front 14

101.10 State the three objectives of first aid.

Back 14

•Save life
•Prevent further injury
•Limit infection

Front 15

101.11 State the three methods of controlling bleeding.

Back 15

•Direct pressure
•Pressure points
•Constricting band

Front 16

101.12 How many pressure points are in the human body?.

Back 16

Eleven

Front 17

101.12 Identify some pressure points.

Back 17

-Facial (Cheek)
-Subclavain (Collarbone)
-Brachial (Bicep)
-Radial (Wrist)
-Lliac (Groin)
-Anterior (Ankle)
-Superficial Temporal (Temple)
-Common Cartoid (Neck)
-Femoral (Thigh)

Front 18

101.13 Describe the symptoms for shock.

Back 18

◦The pulse is weak and rapid.
◦Breathing is likely to be shallow, rapid, and irregular, because the poor circulation of the blood affects the breathing center in the brain.
◦The temperature near the surface of the body is lowered because of the poor blood flow; so the face arms, and legs feel cold to the touch.
◦Sweating is likely to be very noticeable.
◦A person in shock is usually very pale but in some cases, the skin may have a bluish or reddish color.

Front 19

101.13 Describe how to treat for shock.

Back 19

◦Keep the victim lying down and warm. If conscious, the victim should be encouraged and assured that expert medical help will arrive soon.
◦Keep an injured person warm enough for comfort, but do not let the victim become overheated.
◦The best position to use to prevent or to treat shock is one that encourages the flow of blood to the brain. If possible, place the injured person on his or her back on a bed, a cot, or a stretcher.
◦Raise the lower end of the support about 12 inches so that the feet are higher than the head.

Front 20

101.14 State the difference between an open and closed fracture.

Back 20

•A closed fracture is one in which the skin remains intact.
•An open fracture is one in which the bone protrudes from the skin.

Front 21

101.15 Describe Personnel Rescue as applied to electrical shock:

Back 21

Don’t touch the victim’s body, the wire, or any other object that may be conducting electricity.

◦Firstly, look for the power switch, and if accessible, shut off the current immediately.
◦Try to remove the wire from the victim with a dry broom handle, branch, pole, oar, board, or similar nonconducting object.
◦It may be possible to use dry rope or dry clothing to pull the wire away from the victim.
◦You can also break the contact by cutting the wire with a wooden-handled axe, but that is extremely dangerous because the cut ends of the wire are likely to curl and lash back at you before you have time to get out of the way. When you are trying to break an electrical contact, always stand on some nonconducting material, such as a dry board, newspaper, or clothing.

Front 22

101.15 Describe treatment for an electrical shock victim:

Back 22

◦Administer artificial ventilation immediately after freeing the person from the wire if the electric shock caused breathing to stop.
◦Check the victim’s pulse, since electric shock may also cause the heart to stop. If you do not feel a pulse, immediately administer CPR.
◦Get the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible.

Front 23

101.16 Describe Standing Abdominal Thrust.

Back 23

1.Stand behind the victim and wrap your arms around the victim's waist.
2.Grasp your wrist and place the thumb side of your fist against the victim's abdomen, above the navel and just below the rib cage.
3.Give four quick upward thrusts to the victim. The obstruction should pop out like a champagne cork. If unsuccessful, repeat until the obstruction is dislodged

Front 24

101.16 Describe Reclining Abdominal Thrust .

Back 24

1.Position yourself for the thrust by either straddling the victim at the hips, straddling one leg, or kneeling at the victim's hips.
2.Place your hands one on top of the other in the area between the lower end of the sternum and the navel, and give four quick upward thrusts into the abdomen.

Front 25

101.16 Describe Standing Chest Thrust.

Back 25

1.Bring your arms under the arms of the victim and encircle the lower chest.
2.Grasp your wrist, keeping the thumb side close to the victim's chest. (Keep your fist on the middle, not the lower part, of the sternum.)
3.Press the chest with a sharp, backward thrust.

Front 26

101.16 Describe Reclining Chest Thrust .

Back 26

1.Kneel at either side of the victim, place hands in same position as used for CPR.
2.Deliver thrusts slowly and downward on the sternum.

Front 27

101.17 Describe the effects and treatment of Hypothermia.

Back 27

Occurs when the body is exposed to subnormal temperatures.
◦To overcome hypothermia, minimize heat loss from your head, neck, sides, and groin. Raise as much of your body as possible out of the water; wear a hat; and assume the fetal position or huddle in close, side-by-side contact with others.

Front 28

101.17 Describe the effects and treatment of Frostbite.

Back 28

Affected parts of the body turn stiff, pale, and numb.
◦To prevent frostbite, keep exposed parts of the body as warm as possible and maintain circulation. If frostbite occurs, treat the affected part immediately by placing it in contact with a warm part of your body.

Front 29

101.17 Describe the effects and treatment of Heat Stress.

Back 29

Increased body temperature causing fatigue, severe headache, nausea, reduced physical and mental performance. The best way to control heat stress hazards is to follow recommended work practices and procedures.

Front 30

101.17 Describe the effects and treatment of Heat Exhaustion.

Back 30

The most common form of heat stress caused by working or exercising in hot spaces. The victim will appear ashen gray; the skin cold, moist, and clammy. The pupils of the eyes may be dilated (enlarged). The vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, pulse, and respiration) usually are normal; however, the victim may have a weak pulse together with rapid and shallow breathing. Body temperature may be below normal.
◦Loosen the clothing and apply cool, wet cloths.
◦Move the victim to either a cool or an air-conditioned area, and fan the victim.
◦Do not allow the person to become chilled.
◦If the victim is conscious, administer a solution of 1 teaspoon of salt dissolved in a quart of cool water.
◦If the victim vomits, don’t give any more fluids.
◦Transport the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible.

Front 31

101.17 Describe the effects and treatment of Heat Stroke.

Back 31

Preliminary symptoms such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or weakness. Breathing will be deep and rapid at first, later shallow and almost absent. Usually the victim will be flushed, very dry, and very hot. The pupils will be constricted (pinpoint) and the pulse fast and strong.
◦Reduce body heat immediately by dousing the body with cold water, or applying wet, cold towels to the whole body.
◦Move the victim to the coolest possible place and remove as much clothing as possible.
◦Maintain an open airway.
◦Place the victim on his or her back, with the head and shoulders slightly raised.
◦If cold packs are available, place them under the arms, around the neck, at the ankles, and on the groin.

Front 32

101.18 Define HERO.

Back 32

Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordinance

Front 33

101.18 Define HERP.

Back 33

Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Personnel

Front 34

101.18 Define HERF.

Back 34

Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Fuels

Front 35

101.19 Define HAZMAT.

Back 35

•HAZMAT - A material that would be a danger to life or to the environment if released without precautions.
•Spilled material and contaminated clothing or rags with solvent are considered HAZMAT.

Front 36

101.20 Discuss how to store HAZMAT.

Back 36

•All containers must be tightly closed when not in use. Besides the danger of vapors accumulating, exposure to air can cause a chemical breakdown of some solvents. After a short time, the solvent may evaporate or decay to the point that it can’t be used.
•Solvent containers are considered hazardous waste, so you must dispose of them according to local hazmat regulations. When at sea, never throw solvent containers over the side; they contaminate the seas. Stow containers in a disposal storage area until you reach your next port of call and then have them disposed of in the proper manner.

Front 37

101.21 Describe potential risks of improperly labeled and stored HAZMAT.

Back 37

•Most solvents are toxic and, with a few exceptions, are flammable. Appropriate measures must be taken to reduce their toxic and flammable effects. In addition, exposure of the skin to solvents can cause serious skin problems.

Front 38

101.22 Describe what an MSDS is and the information it provides.

Back 38

•Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS): Technical bulletins that contain information about hazardous material.
•MSDSs must be in English and contain at least the following information about the material:

◦Identity
◦Physical and chemical characteristics
◦Reactivity
◦Precautions for safe handling and use
◦Routes of entry into the body
◦Emergency and first-aid procedures for exposure
◦Date of preparation of the MSDS or last change
◦Name, address, and phone number of a responsible party who can provide additional information on the hazardous material and appropriate emergency procedure
◦Hazardous ingredients
◦Physical hazards
◦Health hazards
◦Control measures

Front 39

101.23 Describe the general characteristics of Respirators.

Back 39

If practical, respiratory protection should be assigned to you for your exclusive use. Respirators should be cleaned and disinfected regularly. While cleaning, you should check for wear or deterioration. This type of protection should be stored in a container that will protect it from dust, moisture, and the weight of objects placed on top of it.

Front 40

101.23 Describe the general characteristics of Hand Protection.

Back 40

Rubber gloves (Chemical/Electrical), Working Gloves (Gunn Cut)

Front 41

101.23 Describe the general characteristics of Foot Protection.

Back 41

Steel-toed boots or shoes, which should fit properly.

Front 42

101.23 Describe the general characteristics of Eye Protection.

Back 42

Includes such articles as personal eyeglasses, common-use goggles, and common-use face shields.

Front 43

101.23 Describe the general characteristics of Face Protection.

Back 43

Includes helmets and hats that are worn to protect the head from falling or flying objects and low overheads.

Front 44

101.23 Describe the general characteristics of Skin/Body Protection.

Back 44

Rubber hoods/Rubber sleeves

Front 45

101.23 Describe the general characteristics of Hearing Protection.

Back 45

Articles such as circumaural protection and earplugs.

Front 46

101.24 State the goal of the U.S. Navy’s Hearing Conservation Program.

Back 46

•The goal of the hearing conservation program (HCP) is to prevent occupational hearing loss and assure auditory fitness for duty of all Navy personnel.
•Noise-induced hearing loss is the fleet’s number on occupational health hazard.
•You cannot recover from hearing loss.