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112 Cards in this Set
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interest group |
An organized group of individuals or organizations that makes policy-related appeals to government |
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An organized group of individuals or organizations that makes policy-related appeals to government |
interest group |
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In order to function most groups need |
membership base financial structure leadership/decision-making structure |
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Interest group politics tend to reflect the bias |
well-educated, upper-income professionals |
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In order to obtain adequate political representation, people from the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder must be organized through |
political parties |
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The formation of many groups in the 1930s came because of |
the dramatic expansion of the national government |
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Benefits that are broadly available and cannot be denied to individuals |
collective goods |
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collective goods |
Benefits that are broadly available and cannot be denied to individuals |
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Selective benefits of a group’s membership that emphasize friendship, networking, and consciousness raising are called |
social |
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what are selective benefits of a group’s membership that emphasize friendship, networking, and consciousness raising called |
social |
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Interest groups are sometimes referred to as |
lobbies |
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lobbies |
another name for interest groups |
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meeting with a senator is an example of ______ strategy |
insider |
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going public is an example of an _______ strategy |
outsider |
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An attempt by a group to influence the policy process through persuasion of government officials is known as |
lobbying |
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lobbying |
An attempt by a group to influence the policy process through persuasion of government |
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The term “Microsofted” refers to what happens when an interest |
fails to engage in extensive lobbying |
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when an interest fails to engage in extensive lobbying |
microsofted |
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The federal Administrative Procedure Act requires most federal agencies to |
provide notice and opportunity for comment before implementing new regulations |
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act that requires federal agencies to provide notice and opportunity for comment before implementing new regulations |
The federal Administrative Procedure Act |
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What did the set of 1996 regulations on the actions of lobbyists that are still in effect today do |
limited the size of individual gifts to no more than $50 |
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what limited the size of individual gifts to no more than $50 |
the set of 1996 regulations on the actions of lobbyists |
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A companion brief to an existing court case |
amicus curiae |
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amicus curiae |
A companion brief to an existing court case |
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A strategy that launches a media campaign to build popular support |
going public |
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going public |
A strategy that launches a media campaign to build popular support |
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When a grassroots campaign is artificially arranged to make it appear that constituents care about an issue when they really don't |
astroturf lobbying |
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astroturf lobbying |
When a grassroots campaign is artificially arranged to make it appear that constituents care about an issue when they really don't |
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requires that each candidate/campaign committee provide the of each person who contributes more than $100 |
Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 |
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Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 |
requires that each candidate/campaign committee provide the of each person who contributes more than $100 |
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A device that allows groups to propose laws that the public will vote on in the next general election ballot, thereby bypassing elected officials |
initiative |
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initiative |
A device that allows groups to propose laws that the public will vote on in the next general election ballot, thereby bypassing elected officials |
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special, often disguised congressional appropriations for institutions |
earmarks |
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earmarks |
special, often disguised congressional appropriations for institutions |
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According to the Madisonian theory, a good constitution encourages |
multiple interest groups |
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The intended outcome of pluralism is |
compromise |
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why parties form |
to control the government by winning elections |
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In modern American politics, most candidates are nominated to elected office through |
primary elections |
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A primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates only for the party in which they have previously registered |
closed primary |
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closed primary |
A primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates only for the party in which they have previously registered |
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The nomination process that is the most conducive to new issues and new candidates |
primary |
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Political parties effectively lower information costs of voter participation because they provide a |
brand name recognition |
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The committee system of both houses of Congress is a product of |
the two-party system |
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Committee assignments in Congress are made by |
party groups |
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The American two-party system emerged for the first time with the |
Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans |
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The Republican Party was initially motivated by |
commercial and antislavery interests |
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political parties are composed mainly of |
office seekers |
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third parties in the United States have represented social and economic interests that |
are not given voice by the two major parties |
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An electorate that selects several candidates from a single electoral district is called a |
multiple-member district |
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At the national level, the most important organization for the Democratic and Republican parties for raising campaign funds, heading off factional disputes, and endeavoring to enhance the party’s media image is the national |
commitee |
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The process by which a political party attempts to identify strong candidates and interest them in entering the campaign for public office is called |
candidate recruitment |
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When recruiting candidates, parties typically look for candidates who have |
unblemished record ability to raise money |
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t/f Political parties are effective at mobilizing voters |
true |
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t/f The Republican “brand name” includes reducing government spending and lower taxes |
true |
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The voting age in American elections was set to eighteen by the |
twenty sixth amendment |
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what did the twenty sixth amendment do |
set the voting age to eighteen |
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The Nineteenth Amendment extended the vote to |
women |
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what extended the right to vote to women |
nineteenth amendment |
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do most states allow felons and ex-felons to vote in presidential elections? |
no |
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what do registration requirements depress? |
turnout rates of those with less education and income |
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new voting methods and rules emerge out of the experiences and experiments of |
local election offices |
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voter turnout dramatically declined across the United States coincided when what happened? |
adoption of personal registration laws |
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why were voter registration requirements imposed in the United States |
to discourage fraud and corruption |
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having the names of all candidates for any given office on the same ballot, allowing voters to select any candidate of their choice for each office |
the Australian ballot |
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the Australian ballot |
having the names of all candidates for any given office on the same ballot, allowing voters to select any candidate of their choice for each office |
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The U.S. House is an example of a legislative body with representatives selected from |
single member districts |
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every state is allocated votes in the Electoral College equal to |
the number of representatives in the House and Senate combined |
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he most recent relaxation of qualifications for voting allowed |
non-citizen permanent residents to vote |
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A type of electoral process in which a candidate must receive more than 50 percent of all votes cast in the relevant district to win a seat in a legislative body |
a majority system |
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a majority system |
A type of electoral process in which a candidate must receive more than 50 percent of all votes cast in the relevant district to win a seat in a legislative body |
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A multiple-member district system that allows each political party to participate in governance according to its percentage of the vote |
proportional representation system |
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proportional representation system |
A multiple-member district system that allows each political party to participate in governance according to its percentage of the vote |
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In the Electoral College, the slate that wins casts all the states electoral votes for its party’s candidate in each state EXCEPT for: |
maine and nebraska |
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process that allows citizens to vote directly on proposed laws or other governmental actions |
referendum |
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referendum |
process that allows citizens to vote directly on proposed laws or other governmental actions |
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process that provides citizens a way forward in the face of legislative inaction |
initiative |
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initiative |
process that provides citizens a way forward in the face of legislative inaction |
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Supreme Court case on campaign finance that equated spending money with free speech rights |
Buckley v. Valeo |
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Buckley v. Valeo |
Supreme Court case on campaign finance that equated spending money with free speech rights
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Nearly 99 percent of all courts cases in the United States are heard in |
state and local courts |
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The court that initially hears a criminal or civil case |
trial court |
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trial court |
The court that initially hears a criminal or civil case
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Cases in which the governmentcharges an individual with violating a statute that has been enacted to protect the public health, safety, morals, or welfare |
public law |
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A court order to the authorities to release a prisoner deemed to be held in violation of his or her rights |
writ of habeas corpus |
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writ of habeas corpus |
A court order to the authorities to release a prisoner deemed to be held in violation of his or her rights |
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final federal courts to which a case can be appealed |
U.S. district courts |
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U.S. district courts |
final federal courts to which a case can be appealed |
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he specific number of justices that sit on the U.S. Supreme Court is determined by |
congress |
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In a court case, the party that brings charges |
plaintiff |
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plaintiff |
the party that brings charges in a court case |
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Once the president has formally nominated an individual for the courts, the nominee must be considered by the |
Senate Judiciary Committee |
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power of courts to declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional |
judicial review |
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a body of rules and principles of interpretation that are not grounded in specific statutes used by judges |
common law |
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common law |
a body of rules and principles of interpretation that are not grounded in specific statutes used by judges |
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the individual having the greatest immediate influence over the work of the Supreme Court (besides the president) |
solicitor general |
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solicitor general |
the individual having the greatest immediate influence over the work of the Supreme Court (besides the president) |
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Who is the Chief Justice of the |
Robert Bork |
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what did hamilton call the judiciary branch? |
the least dangerous branch |
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what is the least dangerous branch? |
judiciary |
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Marbury vs Madison |
established Judicial |
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what established judicial review |
marbury vs madison |
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what does political culture do? |
shape the laws of country |
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political culture |
Attitudes, beliefs and values toward political |
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Attitudes, beliefs and values toward political |
political culture |
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public opinion |
values and attitudes at any given moment that |
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values and attitudes at any given moment that |
public opinion |
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Political ideology |
set of underlying orientations, ideas, and beliefs that form an individual’s philosophy, understanding, and interpretation of government and politics |
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set of underlying orientations, ideas, and beliefs that form an individual’s philosophy, understanding, and interpretation of government and politics |
political ideology |
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what percent of the eligable vote? |
50-60% |
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what are the biggest factors that affect voter turnout? |
education age |
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why is the judiciary the least democratic branch? |
unelected life tenure |
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what does deTocqueville say about americans? |
we are joiners we like to form clubs, groups, associations |
