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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

cell division

the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

asexual reproduction

the production of genetically identical offspring from a parent

sexual reproduction

involves the fusion of two separate parent cells

chromosomes

packages of DNA that contain genetic information



*a prokaryote contains a single chromosome with most of its DNA*

chromatin

the complex of chromosomes and proteins

cell cycle

a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

interphase

the "in-between" state of a cell. When a cell does whatever it does naturally.



*G1 phase: most cell growth



*S phase: replicates DNA. ends with twice the original amount.



*G2 phase: shortest phase. organelles and molecules used for division are created



*M phase: cell division

mitosis

division of the cell nucleus



*1st stage of cell division*

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasam



*2nd stage of cell division*

prophase

nucleus condenses, duplicated chromosomes become visible. longest phase.



*1st phase of mitosis*

centromere

where strands are attached

chromatid

a duplicated strand o DNA

spindle

a fanlike system of mictrotubles that will help separate the duplicated chromosone

centrioles

tiny paired structures-- in the centrosome

metaphase

the centrosomes line up across the cell. spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each chromosome



*2nd phase of mitosis*

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate. move to opposite ends of the cell.



*3rd phase of mitosis*

telophase

the chromosomes spread into a tangle of chromatin. nuclear envelope reforms.



*4th and final phase of mitosis*

cytokinesis

*occurs at the same time as telophase


*splits the cell into two


cyclin

a protein that is formed when a cell is injured and isn't dividing, it regulates cell division

internal regulators

a group of proteins that allow the cell cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred in the cell itself.

external regulators

proteins that direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle

growth factors

stimulate the growth and division of a cell

apoptosis

a process of programmed cell death



1. chromatin shrink


2. parts of the cell's membrane break off

cancer

a disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth

tumor

a mass of cells

p53

a gene that halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes have been properly replicated

embryo

a process where the adult organism is gradually processed

differentiation

when a cell becomes another cell

totipotent

a cell able to become any other kind

blastocyst

a hallow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside

pluripotent

can develop into most other cells

stem cells

the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop

mulitpotent

can develop into a few other cells