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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell division |
the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells |
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asexual reproduction |
the production of genetically identical offspring from a parent |
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sexual reproduction |
involves the fusion of two separate parent cells |
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chromosomes |
packages of DNA that contain genetic information
*a prokaryote contains a single chromosome with most of its DNA* |
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chromatin |
the complex of chromosomes and proteins |
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cell cycle |
a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells |
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interphase |
the "in-between" state of a cell. When a cell does whatever it does naturally.
*G1 phase: most cell growth
*S phase: replicates DNA. ends with twice the original amount.
*G2 phase: shortest phase. organelles and molecules used for division are created
*M phase: cell division |
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mitosis |
division of the cell nucleus
*1st stage of cell division* |
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cytokinesis |
division of cytoplasam
*2nd stage of cell division* |
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prophase |
nucleus condenses, duplicated chromosomes become visible. longest phase.
*1st phase of mitosis* |
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centromere |
where strands are attached |
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chromatid |
a duplicated strand o DNA |
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spindle |
a fanlike system of mictrotubles that will help separate the duplicated chromosone |
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centrioles |
tiny paired structures-- in the centrosome |
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metaphase |
the centrosomes line up across the cell. spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each chromosome
*2nd phase of mitosis* |
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anaphase |
begins when sister chromatids separate. move to opposite ends of the cell.
*3rd phase of mitosis* |
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telophase |
the chromosomes spread into a tangle of chromatin. nuclear envelope reforms.
*4th and final phase of mitosis* |
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cytokinesis |
*occurs at the same time as telophase *splits the cell into two
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cyclin |
a protein that is formed when a cell is injured and isn't dividing, it regulates cell division |
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internal regulators |
a group of proteins that allow the cell cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred in the cell itself. |
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external regulators |
proteins that direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle |
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growth factors |
stimulate the growth and division of a cell |
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apoptosis |
a process of programmed cell death
1. chromatin shrink 2. parts of the cell's membrane break off |
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cancer |
a disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth |
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tumor |
a mass of cells |
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p53 |
a gene that halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes have been properly replicated |
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embryo |
a process where the adult organism is gradually processed |
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differentiation |
when a cell becomes another cell |
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totipotent |
a cell able to become any other kind |
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blastocyst |
a hallow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside |
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pluripotent |
can develop into most other cells |
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stem cells |
the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop |
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mulitpotent |
can develop into a few other cells |