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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the first start/origin of a fever? |
Phagocytosis of a bacteria by a white blood cell. White blood cell then releases a portion of the bacteria to the blood stream. |
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What happens when white blood cells "eat" bacteria? |
Phagocytosis happens, but some of the bacteria is released into the blood stream. |
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What part of the bacteria is released back into the blood stream after phagocytosis by a white blood cell? |
LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) are released. This is part of the bacteria's membrane |
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What is LPS? |
Lipopolysaccharides |
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What is LPS a part of? |
Bacteria's memrbane |
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What does LPS act as? |
Endotoxins |
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What does LPS do once released? |
Causes the release of cytokines(interleukin 1) |
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What is interleukin 1? |
cytokines that causes hormone release (prostoglandins) |
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What causes the release of interleukin 1? |
LPS |
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What are prostoglandins? |
Hormones that stimulate hypothalamus |
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What does you hypothalamus control? |
body temperature |
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What happens when a person turns pale? |
Vaso constriction |
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What are the effects when prostoglandins stimulate hypothalmus? |
- Body temperature increases - Higher metabolism - Shivers (chills) = raises body temperature |
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What is the crisis phase? |
body resets to norma, fever breaks, "sweats" come on |
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Name the steps of a fever: |
1. White blood cell eats and releases bacterial membrane (LPS) 2. LPS causes release of cytokines (interleukin 1) 3. Interleukin 1 causes hormone release (Prostoglandins) 4. Prostoglandins stimulate hypothalamus 5. Hypothalamus causes body temperature to increase. 6. Invaders destroyed, body resets to normal, fever breaks, "sweats" sets in. |
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MHC |
Major Histocompatibility Complex |
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To each cell, what are MHC? |
They are different on each cell surface. Unique to each individual. |
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Can similar MHC be transplated? |
Similar MHC may be enough for transplate |
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What are the MHC on bacteria that provoke a immune response? |
Antigens |
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What are antigens? |
Usually are complex proteins, and can be complex carbohydrates. |
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What immune response does antigens have? |
Elicit immune response. |
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What immune response does haptens have? |
Do not elicit immune response. |
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What do antibodies do? |
Binds to antigens |
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What elicit immune response? |
Antigen |
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What does not elicit immune response? |
Hapten |
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IgG |
Immuno Gamma Gobulin It is always circulating |
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IgE |
Allergies |
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How to tell blood type? |
Examining antibody clumping |
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How to make antibodies? |
B lymphocytes binds with anitgens = grow and divide. - Clonoly produce plasma cells - Plasma cells have a lot of protein production and causes production of antibodies |
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What clonoly produces plasma cells? |
B lymphocytes |
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What do plasma cells produce? |
Plasma cells have a lot of protein production and causes production of antibodies. The same antibodies that were initiated by B lymphocytes |
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Agglutination |
Clumping of antigen bearing organism by antibodies. |
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What is the significance of agglutination? |
The clumping of cells causes the bacteria/antigen bearing organism to have a hard time getting through barriers. Resulting in the clumped cells waiting for phagocytosis (their deaths). |
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Opsonization |
Decorate outside of the cell with Abs -"Molecular Handles" |
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Neutralization |
Block adhesion of small molecules - Blocks by coating with Abs - Does not support phagocytosis |
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Inflammation |
- Involves antibodies (complement/reactive proteins) - Attracts phagocytes |
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Is cell mediated cytotoxicity dependent? |
Yes, it is antibody-dependent |
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What are large pathogens? |
Nematod |
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Are large pathogens (nematod) dependent? |
They are antibody dependent |
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How does White Blood Cells that are anti-body dependent attack cells? |
WBC attaches to the organisms with antibody handle that is already attached, and the WBC releases toxins into organism. |
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What does the Complement system cause? |
Antibodies lyse the cell |
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Procedure/Action of complement system: |
Opens cell using circulating proteins to create a pore that causes contents spill out |
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Where is acute phase protein created? |
Created in liver |
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Name a Passive, Natural, Acquired Immunity. |
Antibiotics passed to fetus (breast feeding) |
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Name a Active, Natural, Acquired Immunity. |
Exposure to pathogen produce specific lymphocytes. |
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Name a Passive, Artificial, Acquired Immunity. |
Inject antibodies directly |
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Name a Active, Artificial, Acquired Immunity |
Vaccine induces antibody production |
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Name the two main contributors to the Lymphocytic System |
Thymus Gland and Bones |
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Where are White Blood Cells created/matured? |
Thymus Gland and Bones |
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Where are T-Cells matured? |
Thymus Gland |
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Where are B-Cells matured? |
Bones |
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Name three types of specialized tissues: |
1. Liver = Kupffer Cells 2. Brain = Microglial Cells 3. Liver = Alveolar Cells |
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Name the four lymphoid tissues: |
1. SALT 2. MALT 3. GALT 4. BALT |
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SALT |
Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
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MALT |
Mucus Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
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GALT |
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
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BALT |
Bronchiole (Lungs) Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
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Name the components of blood (four) |
1. Erthrocytes = rbc 2. Leukocytes = wbc 3. Platelets = clotting factor 4.Plasma = Cell-free blood (liquid) |
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Three additional characteristics regarding elements, antibody function, and mediators for blood: |
1. Has Protein Elements 2. Antibody Complement 3. Cytokinesis/chemical mediators |
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Name the two types of leukocytes |
Monocytes and Neutrophiles |
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Percentage of Neutrophiles in leukocytes |
50-70% of all leukocytes |
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Average number of Red blood cells |
Millions |
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Average number of White blood cells |
Hundred thousand |
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Can Haptens be induced to elicit a immune response? |
Yes, if proper proteins are bound to them. |
