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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What's the cranium?
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the skull - skeleton of the head
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Calvaria
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dome of cranium
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neurocranium
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calvaria + cranial base
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viscerocranium
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facial skeleton
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Neurocranium bones
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Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
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condyloid process
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on the mandible, extends to the head which articulates with the mandibular fossae of temporal bone - TMJ
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coronoid processes
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insertion of the temporalis muscle; extends up right behind the back teeth, where it hides behind the zygomatic arch when the mouth is closed; the insertion of pterygoid muscle
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facial bones
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14
2 zygomatic, 2 maxilla, 2 palatine, 2 lacrimal, 2 nasal, 2 inferior nasal concha; 1 vomer and 1 mandible. |
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Sutures of the skull
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coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, squamosal
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8 craniometric points:
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1. Nasion
2. Glabella 3. Pterion 4. Bregma 5. Vertex 6. Lambda 7. Asterion 8. Inion |
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Where is the nasion?
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At the bridge of teh nose
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what is the glabella?
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The smooth point above the nasion
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where is the pterion?
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at the point where 4 cranial bones meet - at the level of the greater wing of the sphenoid.
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What artery courses under the pterion?
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The middle meningeal artery
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Where is the bregma located?
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Where the 2 parietal bones meet the frontal.
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where is the vertex?
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at the vertex
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where is the lambda?
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At the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures
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where is the asterion?
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at the junction of the squamous and lambdoid sutures.
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where is the inion?
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protuberance at the back of the head
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What 2 age-related skull changes occur?
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1. Fontanelles in newborns
2. Mandibular recession in elderly |
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What are the layers of the scalp?
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S-skin
C-connective tissue A-aponeurosis L-loose connective tissue P-pericranium |
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What is characteristic about the scalp connective tissue?
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Highly supplied w/ neurovascular structures
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What is the aponeurosis called?
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Galea aponeurotica
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what is the galea aponeurotica?
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A helmet like piece of tissue that connects the bellies of the occipitofrontalis and epicranius muscles.
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What innervates galea aponeurot?
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Facial nerve - CN VII
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What are the 2 layers of the pericranium?
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-Epicranium
-Endocranium |
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How do the pericranial layers connect?
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Through skull sutures - pass from within to without.
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Where are the epi/endocranium layers found?
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Epi = top of cranium (external)
Endo = inside cranium (internal) |
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What 2 considerations are important to remember when treating scalp lacerations?
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1. Profuse bleeding
2. Gaping wounds if aponeurosis is cut |
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What is the proper scalp composed of?
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SCAL -> all stays together as one thick layer
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What are the first 6 of the 16 muscles of facial expression?
(BCDDLL) |
-Buccinator
-Corrigator supercilii -Depressor anguli oris -Depressor labii inferioris -Levator labii superioris -Levator labii alaeque nasi |
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What are the last 10 of the 16 muscles of facial expression?
(MNOOOPPRZZ) |
-Mentalis
-Nasalis -Orbicularis oculi/oris -Occipitofrontalis -Platysma -Procerus -Risorius -Zygomaticus major/minor |
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What layer are these facial muscles derived from in devo?
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Pharyngeal arches
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What are the 2 general functions of orbicularis oculi?
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1. Help control light entering eye
2. Distribute tears |
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2 portions of orbicularis oculi:
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1. Palpebral portion
2. Orbital portion |
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What does the palpebral portion of orbic oculi do?
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Closes eyelids voluntarily or involintarily (blinking)
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What does the orbital portion of orbic oculi do?
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closes lids voluntarily
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What is the function of orbicularis oris?
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lip movements
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What is the function of zygomaticus major?
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draws angle of mouth upward
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what is the function of zygomaticus minor?
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elevates upper lip exposing maxillary teeth
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what is the function of levator labii superioris?
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raises upper lip
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what is the function of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi?
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dilates nostril
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what is the function of nasalis?
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Affects nasal aperture during deep inspiration
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What is the function of procerus?
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draws medial angle of eyebrows inferiorly
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What is the function of Corrigator supercilii?
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Draws eyebrows medially and downward as in frowning or shielidng eyes from brite lite.
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What is the function of the Buccinator?
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Compresses the cheeks against the teeth and gums;
Attaches to pharyngeal muscles posteriorly |
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what is significant about the buccinator in infants?
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the buccal fat pad keeps cheeks from collapsing inward during suckling.
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what is the function of risorius?
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participates in many facial actions
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What is the function of depressor anguli oris?
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draws angle of mouth down/lateral
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what is the function of depressor labii inferioris?
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draws lower lip downward
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what does mentalis do?
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raises/protrudes lower lip - drinking or pouting
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what does platysma do?
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produces tension in neck skin; labial part draws down lower lip
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what is function of occipitofrontalis?
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raises eyebrows/wrinkles forehead
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What gives motor innervation to muscles of facial expression?
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Facial nerve - CN VII
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5 branches of CN VII
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1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic 3. Buccal 4. Marginal mandibular 5. Cervical |
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As it enters the viscerocranium, what does the facial nerve plunge into?
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The parotid gland
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What is the posteriorly headed branch of CN VII? How does it get there?
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Posterior Auricular branch; passes through the stylomastoid foramen
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What does the posterior auricular branch of CN VII innervate?
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Occipitalis
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What branch of CN VII innervates frontalis?
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Temporal branch
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what innervates orbicularis oculi?
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temporal branch (superiorly) &
zygomatic branch (inferiorly) |
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Which branch of the CN VII (facial) innervates the platysma?
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Cervical branch
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What term denotes a peripheral lesion of the facial nerve?
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Bells Palsy
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What are the 4 characteristics of bells palsy to take note of?
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1. Facial muscle paralysis
2. Can't close eyelids 3. Mouth angle droops 4. Forehead doesn't wrinkle |
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Recap; what connective tissue connects frontalis and occipitalis mucles?
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Epicranial aponeurosis (galea)
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What 3 nerves recieve sensory information from the face and scalp?
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1. Trigeminal V
2. Cervical n. 2 3. Cervical n. 3 |
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In general what is CN V responsible for?
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-Motor innervation of muscles of mastication
-Sensation of the face |
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Where does the sensory info recieved by CN V branches get sent to?
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trigeminal ganglion; then to the sensory root.
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What are the divisions of CN V?
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1. Opthalmic (sensory only)
2. Maxillary (sensory only) 3. Mandibular (mixed) |
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In what part of the face does V1 provide sensation?
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-Top of skull in line w/ ear
-Tip of nose just above opening -from corner of nose to corner of eye to high up on temporals. |
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In what part of the face does V2 provide sensation?
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-High up on temporals peak
-Down around corner of eye to tip of nose above nostril -upper lip to mid cheek then back up to the peak |
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In waht part of the face does V3 provide sensation?
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-Where V1 stops high up on temporals
-Where V2 peaks on temporals -Just under chin, along jaw, up to ear adn very front of it. Back up to top of temporal in line with ear. |
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What nerve provides sense info from the back of the skull?
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Dorsal rami of C2 and C3
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What nerve provides sensory info from the ear, just behind the ears, and sides of the neck?
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Ventral rami of C2 and C3
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What problem is usually seen with CN V?
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Trigeminal neuralgia - intermittent excruciating pain is felt; usually assoc. w/ V2
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What 2 main arteries give vascular supply to the face?
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1. External carotid
2. Internal carotid |
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How many branches of ext. carotid feed the face? acronym?
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6: FASTPO
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What are the 6 branches of external carotid?
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1. Facial a (which ends in)
2. Angular a 3. Sup/inf labial aa. 4. Transverse facial 5. Posterior auricular 6. Occipital |
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which are branches of the facial artery?
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Angular
Sup/inf labial |
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What is the transverse facial artery a branch of?
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Superficial temporal a - just another branch of the ext. carotid.
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What 2 branches does the internal carotid supply to the face?
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1. Supratrochlear (from opthalm)
2. Supraorbital (from opthalmic) |
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Where is the facial artery?
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in the jaw region
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Where is teh angular artery?
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in the corner of the eye
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Where are the superior/inferior labial arteries?
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above/below the lips
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What do the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins drain into?
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Combine to join w/ angular vein
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What/where is the retromandibular vein?
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The union of the maxillary vein and superficial temporal vein; exits the face just under ear.
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What happens to the retromandibular vein?
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Splits to send blood to both internal and external jugulars.
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What does retromandibular v. send to external jugular vein?
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-Posterior retromandib branch
-Posterior auricular vein |
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What does retromandibular v. send to internal jugular vein?
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-Anterior retromandib branch
-Facial vein |
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What separates the internal and external jugular veins?
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Sternocleidomastoid
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What is thrombophlebitis of the facial vein?
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Spread of infection via facial vein communication w/ opthalmic vein and cavernous sinus - spreads superficial infections to the brain.
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What are the 2 types of facial lymphatic drainage to consider?
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-Deep
-Superficial |
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What is the flow of superficial lymphatic drainage?
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-Lymph from superfic face/scalp collects in vessels
-Vessels drain into superfic nodes at head/neck junction -Lymphs flows to deep cervical lymph nodes |
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What is the flow of deep lymphatic drainage?
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-Tongue & tonsils drain to deep cervical lmph nodes
-Deep lymph nodes located around IJV |
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What are the 8 structures of the outer ear?
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LASHCAT
Lobule Antihelix Scaphoid fossa Helix Concha Antitragus Tragus |
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what are 2 alternate names for the outer ear?
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auricle or pinna
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what is the tragus?
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the little flap above the opening to the ear
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what is the antitragus?
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the flap across from the tragus
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what is the concha?
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the flatbed of the ear opening
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where is the lobule?
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the ear lobe; did u really need this flashcard?
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not really but im bored
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ok then
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where are the helix/antihelix?
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Helix = top part of ear
Antihelix = skin just inside helix |
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What separates the helix and antihelix?
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Scaphoid fossa
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What is the external acoustic meatus?
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The canal extending from the superficial ear down to the middle ear
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What separates the outer/middle ear?
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Tympanic membrane
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What are the 3 main features of the middle ear?
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-Auditory ossicles
-Muscles -Eustachian tube |
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What are the 3 auditory ossicles?
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1. Malleus
2. Incus 3. Stapes |
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What is the function of the auditory ossicles?
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To mechanically transfer acoustic energy from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear oval window.
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What are the muscles of the middle ear and their innervations?
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-Stapedius - CN VII
-Tensor tympani - V3 |
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What is the purpose of having middle ear muscles?
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To dampen particularly loud sounds.
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Where does sound go after passing through the ear?
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To the inner ear auditory canal.
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What are 2 extra names for the auditory canal?
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-Eustachian tube
-Pharyngotympanic tube |
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What is the auditory canal's function?
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To equalize middle ear pressure w/ atmospheric pressure.
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