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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Excitatory Neurotransmitter at NMJ's:
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Acetylcholine
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Primary NT at postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
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Norepinephrine
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Where is NE synthesized and released from?
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Presynaptic terminals
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To what receptors does NE bind?
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Alpha and beta adrenergics
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What are 3 ways to get rid of NE after its synaptic release?
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-Reuptake
-MAO metabolism -COMT metabolism |
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What are the 4 metabolic products from NE metabolism?
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-DOMA (dihydroxymandelic acid)
-NMN (normetanephrine) -3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MOPEG) -VMA (vanillylmandelic acid) |
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What are the 5 molecules in the Dopa/NE/Epi synthetic pathway?
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1. Tyrosine
2. L-dopa 3. Dopamine 4. NE 5. Epinephrine |
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What enzyme converts
-Tyrosine to L-dopa? -L-dopa to Dopamine? |
Tyr-Ldopa = tyrosine hydroxylase
Ldopa-Dopa = Dopa decarboxylase |
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What enzyme converts Dopamine to Norepinephrine?
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Dopamine Beta-hydroxylase
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What enzyme converts Norepinephrine to Epinephrine?
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Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyl transferase
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In what disease is urinary excretion of VMA increased?
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Pheochromocytoma
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From what site is Epinephrine primarily secreted?
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Adrenal medulla
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In what general area is Dopamine primarily found? Where is it released by?
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The midbrain
-Released by the hypothalamus |
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What does Dopamine in the hypothalamus inhibit?
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Prolactin secretion
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What is Dopamine metabolized by?
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MAO and COMT
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What receptors does Dopamine hit?
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D1 and D2
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What happens when Dopamine hits D1 receptors?
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It activates adenylate cyclase via a Gs protein
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What happens when Dopamine hits D2 receptors?
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It inhibits adenylate cyclase via a Gi protein
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What does Parkinson's involve?
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Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that would have hit D2 receptors (too much indirect, not enough direct)
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What disease involves INCREASED levels of D2 receptors?
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Schizophrenia
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At what site is Serotonin found in high concentrations?
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The brainSTEM
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From what precursor is Serotonin synthesized?
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Tryptophan
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What is Serotonin converted to in the pineal gland?
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Melatonin
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From what precursor is Histamine synthesized?
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Histidine
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Where is Histamine found?
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In hypothalamic neurons
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What is the MOST PREVALENT EXCITATORY NT IN THE BRAIN?
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Glutamate!!!
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What is the receptor for Glutamate?
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Kainate receptor
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What is the Kainate receptor?
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A Na/K channel
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What are the 2 inhibitory NTs?
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-GABA
-Glycine |
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From what precursor is GABA synthesized, and what enzyme catalyzes the conversion?
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-Glutamate precursor
-Glutamate decarboxylase |
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What are 2 types of receptors for GABA?
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GABA-a
GABA-B |
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What happens when GABA hits GABA-a receptors?
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Chloride conductance increases resulting in hyperpolarization
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What 2 drugs act at GABA-a receptors?
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-Benzodiazepines
-Barbiturates |
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What happens when GABA hits GABA-b receptors?
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Increased K conductance (also resulting in hyperpolarization)
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Where is Glycine primarily found as an inhibitory NT?
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In the spinal cord and brainstem
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How does Glycine cause inhibition?
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By increasing Chloride conductance
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