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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gross anatomy
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Anatomy seen with the naked eye
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Microscopic anatomy
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Anatomy seen under a microscope
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Comparative anatomy
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Comparing how all organisms share a basic pattern of organization
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What are the four anatomical organizational levels in order from smallest to largest?
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Cell --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organ system
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Skeletal muscle cells contract _____________.
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Voluntarily
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Smooth muscle cells contract ______________.
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Involuntarily
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Epithelium
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Sheet-like layer of cells that function as a barrier and transport system
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Epithelium is identified by being connect to a ______________.
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Basement membrane
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What are the two major classes of glands?
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Exocrine and endocrine
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What is the largest organ in the body?
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Liver
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What is the largest organ system of the body?
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Integumentary system (skin)
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Integumentary system
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Protects against hazards and regulates temperature
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Nervous system
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Immediately responses to stimuli and sensory information about external conditions
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Skeletal system
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Provides protection to other systems, stores minerals, and makes blood cells
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Endocrine system
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Metabolic activity and use of energy and puberty
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Muscular system
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Produces movement and heat
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Cardiovascular system
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Body's plumbing network
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Lymphatic system
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Defends against function and disease
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Urinary system
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Excretes waste, controls water balance, regulates blood and pH balance
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Respiratory system
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Delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
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Digestive system
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Processes and digests food, absorbs water and nutrients, stores energy
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Oocytes
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Female sex cells
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Sperm
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Male sex cells
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Alveoli
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Site in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
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Aponeuroses
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Tendinous sheets that help form the muscular system
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Who was Claude Bernard?
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A French physiologist and the first to define the term homeostasis
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Milieu intérieur
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AKA Homeostasis
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Which historical medical figure was the first to suggest the use of blind experiments?
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Claude Bernard
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Arthur Guyton
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Most famous for experiments on cardiac output's relationship with peripheral circulation
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Physiology
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Study of functions of organisms
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Organ system
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Collection of anatomical structures that work together to carry out a specific function
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Neurons
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Nerve cells that are specialized to transmit information in the form of electrical signals
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Cell
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Smallest living units in the body
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All cells depend on _________ to survive.
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One another
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Erythocytes
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Cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream
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Erythropoietin
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A hormone secreted by the kidneys that ensures an adequate number of erythrocytes are present
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Muscle fibers
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Muscle cells that are specialized to contract
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What type of muscular cells are found in areas with voluntary control?
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Skeletal muscle cells
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What type of muscular cells are found in areas without voluntary control?
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Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells
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Lumen
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Interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel
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Glands
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Organs specialized in the synthesis and secretion of a product
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Exocrine glands
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Secrete a product into a duct leading to the external environment
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Endocrine glands
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Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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Hormones
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Chemicals that communicate a message to cells
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Connective tissue
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Any structure whose primary function is to provide physical support for other structures
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Extracellular matrix
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Widely scattered cells embedded in a mass of noncellular material
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Elastin
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Protein that gives tissue elasticity
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Collagen
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Protein that gives tissue ability to resist stretching
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Tissue
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Collection of cells performing similar cellular functions
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What are the four types of cell classes in the body?
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Nerve cells, muscle cells, epithelial cells, and connective tissue cells
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What are the four types of tissue classes in the body?
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Nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue
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Organs
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2+ tissues combined to make up structures that perform particular functions
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What is epithelial tissue's function?
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To separate the external environment from the interior of the body
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The most abundant substance in the body is _______.
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Water
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Two examples of semipermeable (or selectively permeable) tissues are _________ and _________.
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Cell membrane and epithelial tissue
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Total body water (TBW)
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Total volume of fluid enclosed within outer epithelial layer
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Plasma
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Liquid, non-cellular portion of blood
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