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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 main functions of hormones?
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1. Regultn of Growth/Developmnt
2. Homeostatic control 3. Integration of reproduction 4. Behavioral effects |
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What is the source of hormones?
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The endocrine system (cells, glands, and some neurons).
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What makes a given cell a TARGET cell for a hormone?
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The presence of a specefic receptor on that cell's surface or internal in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
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What are the 2 main classes of hormones?
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1. Steroids
2. non-steroids |
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What transports hormones throughout the body?
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The blood
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What are steroids?
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Hormones synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, and placenta.
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What are 4 examples of steroids?
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Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, testosterone.
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What are the 4 chemical classes of non-steroids?
Give 2 examples for each class. |
1. Amines (epi/norepi)
2. Peptides (oxytocin/ADH) 3. Proteins (GH, insulin) 4. Glycoproteins (FSH, TSH) |
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What makes steroids and nonsteroids different?
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Their target action mechanisms:
-Steroids: gene activation -Nonsteroids: 2nd msgr mechanism |
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How do steroids cause gene activation? (5 steps)
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1. Small, lipid soluble.
2. Act on cells w/ cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors 3. If necessary, horm-recptr complex moves into nucleus. 4. Complex binds DNA, stimulating gene transcription and protein synthesis. 5. Hormone effect manifests between minutes to days. |
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How do non-steroid hormones cause 2nd msgr mechanisms? (5 steps)
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1. Don't diffuse into cells.
2. Targets have surface receptor 3. Hormone binds receptor, 2nd msgr released inside cell. 4. 2nd msgr is either: c-AMP or Calcium ion. 5. c-AMP or Ca-Calmodulin complexes activate enzymes for RAPID cascade response (sec to min) |
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List 4 ways to control hormones:
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1. Feedback mechanisms
2. Cyclic secretions 3. Catabolism 4. Protein binding |
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Pituitary pathologies denote:
-Primary -Secondary -Tertiary -Quarternary |
Primary = endocrine gland itself
Secndry = controlling gland Tertiary = master gland Quatrnry = end organ |
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Ok... what are the real names?
Endocrine gland Controlling gland Master gland Endorgan |
E.g. adrenal gland
Pituitary Hypothalamus sympathetic nerves/muscles |
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What can cause pituitary deficiency or excess?
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Infections, Tumors, Trauma
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What is the most common pituitary disease cause?
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Prolactin-secreting adenoma
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How is Prl-secreting adenoma diagnosed?
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Prolactin levels >200 ng/mL
Imaging |
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What is the 2nd most common pituitary disease?
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Acromegaly - GH secretion causing Gigantism.
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What is helpful in diagnosing acromegaly gigantism?
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-GH levels in provacative tests
-Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) esp in borderline cases. |
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What is the 3rd most common pituitary disease?
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Cushing's syndrome with increased cortisol due to increased ACTH.
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What are key indicators of cushing's disease?
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Hypertension
Obesity Glucose inolerance Dexamethasone Suppression |
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What dexameth suppression result indicates pituitary cushings?
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No suppression of ACTH occurs with high dose dexameth.
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What does the Posterior pituitary release?
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1. ADH
2. Oxytocin |
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What does ADH do?
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Concentrates urine
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what does oxytocin do?
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stimulates nonvascular smooth muscle contraction
- myoepithelial cells for milk letdown -uterine contractions |
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What 2 main pathologies are associated w/ posterior pit?
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1. siADH
2. Diabetes insipidus |
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How does the posterior pituitary behave in
-siADH -Diabetes insipidus |
siADH = hypersecretion of ADH
Diabetes insipidus = not enough ADH, undersecretion |
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What common cancers can cause siADH?
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Lung, pancreatic, prostate, hodgkin's lymphoma
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Explain the pathology of siADH
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1. Increased ADH, retain H2O
2. Volume incr, Decr Na/K 3. Decreased urine/serum osmolality |
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What are some common causes of central diabetes insipidus?
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Head trauma, infections, tumors of hypothalamus
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What causes diabetes insipidus to be life-threatening?
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Withholding water
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What is thyroid hormone responsible for? (6 things)
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SEDGHP
Sexual maturation Energy expenditure control Development and Growth Heart-rate Protein synthesis, etc. |
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What can increase thyroid hormones without affecting the thyroid itself? (2 things)
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1. Pregnancy
2. Oral contraceptives |
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What can decrease thyroid hormones without affecting the thyroid itself? (2 things)
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1. Malnutrition, protein-wasting
2. Nephrotic syndrome |
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What are 4 types of Hypothyroidism?
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1. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
2. Goiter 3. Cretinism 4. Medications |
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What causes hashimoto's thyroiditis?
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Anti-thyroid antibodies
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What is Cretinism?
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Congenital hypothyroidism with growth and mental retardation.
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What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?
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Synthroid
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What are symptoms of HYPERthyroidism?
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1. Weight loss
2. Menstrual irregularity 3. Fatigue/lethargy 4. Heat intolerance/sweating 5. Tachycardia/ incr. reflexes |
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What are the classic thyroid panel results in Grave's hyperthyroidism?
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Decreased TSH
Increased FT4, T4/T3 |
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What are the classic thyroid panel results in TSH-dependent hyperthyroidism?
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Increased TSH
Increased FT4, T4/T3 --> it's because of a pituitary tumor. |
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What causes Grave's disease?
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Anti-TSH receptor Antibodies
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What's unique about hashimoto's thyroiditis?
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It can cause either hypo or hyperthyroidism.
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What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?
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Decrease the production and/or release of T4 by removing the gland, radiation, or medication.
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What are the classic thyroid panel values seen in non-thyroid (euthyroid) illness?
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Decreased T3, increased rT3.
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What lab method is used for measuring TSH?
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Sandwich immunoassays for anti-B and anti-a components.
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What type of specimens can be used for TSH measurement?
Are there special handling specifications? |
Serum or plasma.
Can be frozen - stays stable. |
