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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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By 1857, which two traditional rivals did Britain face? |
France and Russia |
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By 1857, which two new rivals did Britain face? |
USA and Germany |
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Where in Germany, had a steel industry that challenged Birmingham's? |
Belgium |
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Which sector was the first to feel the brunt of the 1870's economic slump? |
Agriculture |
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Give some examples of places and their produce that quickly flooded Brit markets through the global spread of cheap railway and shipping systems? |
North American grain Argentinian beef New Zealand butter |
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When did mid-1800's trade slump begin? |
1873 |
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The end of empire on American continent led to what? |
'Swing to the East' - Brits looking for influence in Asia and Africa |
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By 1700's, where did Britain have a number of well-established footholds in America? |
East coast of North America |
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What did America dispute with Britain over? |
Taxes imposed by London parliament and colonial resentment at having to buy exports from Britain and export goods to Britain. |
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When did American war of independence break out? |
1775 |
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Who were American colonial 'rebels' led by? |
George Washington |
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When was Britain defeated by American 'rebels'? |
1783 |
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Who coined the term 'Swing to the East'? And what did it mark apart from geographical changes? |
Vincent Harlow - preference for trade rather than pure conquest and control. |
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Brits had traded with West Africa since when? |
1500s |
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In 1700's, what took precedence over previously traded gold and ivory in Africa? |
The slave trade |
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When was slave trade outlawed in Britain? |
1807 |
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By 1807, how many Africans were exported by Britain to work on its American colonies and Caribbean plantations? |
3 million. |
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In second half of 1800's, what was sought in Africa to feed new industry demands? |
Coal, iron and timber |
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Describe the cycle of dependency between Britain and Africa. |
Britain sought African resources to manufacture goods (e.g textiles and weapons), which were then sold back to Africa. |
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When did 1873 economic slump end? |
1896 |
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Give two examples of merchant-imperialists. |
Cecil Rhodes and George Goldie |
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When was the Cape seized by Brits from Dutch-allies of the French? |
1806 - during Napoleonic wars |
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When was the Sahara chartered? |
1820 |
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When was southern Africa and Zambezi river chartered? |
1850s |
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Before 1857, where did Britain have presence in Africa? |
West African settlements (Sierra Leone and Gold Coast). Trading networks along Niger River Cape Colony |
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Cape Colony protected the sea route to where? |
Middle East, China, Australia and India. |
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When was Basutoland established as a protectorate? |
1868 |
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When was Transvaal occupied? |
1877 |
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When was client state established in Egypt and Sudan? |
1882 |
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When did Uganda come under Chartered Company Rule? |
1888 |
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What is a client state? |
own ruler, but strong British influence which restricted ruler's independence politically, militarily and economically |
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What is chartered company rule? |
An area under a trading company (through native rulers), that had been given special licence by British government which gave it political as well as economic rights. |
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Describe British approach to African expansion 1857-1890? |
Reactive to initiatives of other powers, particularly France, rather than aggressively seeking new lands for their own sake. Chartered companies implemented to exclude others from lucrative Brit bases. |
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Give some examples of Chartered companies? |
Royal Niger Company, Imperial British East Africa Company, British South Africa Company. |
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Who came to power in Egypt in 1805? |
Muhammad Ali |
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When was American civil war? |
1861-1865 |
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When did Isma'il Pasha come to power? |
1863 |
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When did Suez Canal open? |
1869 |
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When did Disraeli secure controlling stake in Suez Company? |
1875 |
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When was Isma'il replaced by Tewfiq? |
1879 |
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When did Madhist revolts begin in Sudan? |
1881 |
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When did Arabi Pasha lead revolt against Brit influence? |
1882 |
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When were Brit-led forces defeated at Khartoum? |
1885 |
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By 1870s, how much of Egypt's imports were coming from Britain? |
40% |
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How many miles was the route to India via the Suez canal than via the cape? |
6,000 miles |
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Who obtained concession to create Suez Canal Company |
Ferdinand de Lesseps. |
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Who was British Commissioner during Egypt's 'takeover'? |
Lord Dufferin |
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By how much was Egypt's army reduced? |
two-thirds |
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Who led the 1882 nationalist rebellion in Egypt? |
Arabi Pasha |
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How many were killed and when was the Alexandria massacre in Egypt? |
50 Europeans died, June 1882 |
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Who was the Brit Commander-in-Chief at time of Pasha's rebellion? |
Sir Garnet Wolseley |
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Where were Arabi's forces defeated? |
Tel el-Kebir |
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Who was installed as Consul-General following Pasha's defeat? |
Major Evelyn Baring |
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Which convention secured an international loan for Egypt? |
1885 Convention of London |
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Who was sent to act as Governor-General of Sudan 1877-1880? |
Charles Gordon |
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Who proclaimed himself Madhi, when did he do this? |
Muhammad Ahmed - June 1881 |
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The 1883 Egypt-Brit military expedition led by? |
Colonel William Hicks |
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When were forces defending Khartoum overrun? |
Jan 1885 |
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When was the next campaign launched against Madhists? |
1896 |
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By who and when was the 'Colonial Office' formed? |
William Pitt (Younger's gov) 1801 |
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In 1854, which 6 departments was Colonial Office divided into? |
North America, Australia, West Indies, Africa, Med and General (from 1870) |
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Name two colonial secretaries? |
Duke of Newcastle (1859-64) Earl of Carnarvon (1874-78) |
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Which report led to system of responsible self-gov in white colonies? |
1838 Durham Report |
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1871 census, how many Indians lived indirectly/directly under Brit rule? |
236 million. |
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Where did Robert Clive defeat France in 1757? |
Battle of Plassey |
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What terms were laid out in Gov of India Act 1858? |
East India Company's territories in India passed to Queen, Company ceased to exist. Secretary of State created India Council (15 members) - advisory body in India affairs. Crown appointed Viceroy Civil Service placed under control of Secretary of State |
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When was Queen made Empress of India |
1st Jan 1877 |
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How many Princely States were there? |
565 - 40% of India |
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How many provinces were there in 1800s India? |
13 |
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Name some Princely States? |
Hyderabad, Baroda, Jammu, Kasmir, Mysore |
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Who oversaw on behalf of viceroy in Princely States? |
Either a 'Resident' or an 'Agent' |
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When was Indian National Congress set up? |
1885 |
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At outbreak of Mutiny, how many Brit troops did Indian army have? |
40,000 |
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By 1880s, describe Brit to Indian composition in Indian army |
70,000 Brits to 125,000 native troops |
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Who were Bengali troops replaced by following Mutiny? |
Sikhs and Gurkhas |
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How many of the Bengali regiments were disbanded after the Mutiny? |
62 out of 74 |
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In decade after Mutiny, how many miles of railway added to India |
3,000 miles |
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Who set up an Imperial Police Force in India? |
Viceroy Lord Canning |
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In 1859 how many Indians sent to fight in second opium war? |
10,000 |
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Show the Raj admin hierachy? |
Local officials and councils > District officers > Native Princes, Brit residents and Provincial Leg Council > Civil Service, Provincial Governors and Leg Council > Viceroy > Secretary of State and India Council > Queen |
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Name the Viceroys of India |
Earl Canning (1858-62) Earl of Elgin (62-63) Sir John Lawrence (64-69) Earl of Mayo (69-72) Lord Northbrook (72-76) Earl of Dufferin (80-84) Marquess of Lansdowne (84-94) |
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When was Germany united as single country? |
1871 |
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When was France defeated by Germany in the 1800s? |
1871 |
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By 1884, Russia had taken its empire to where? |
The borders of Afghanistan |
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In 1860s, in South East Asia, where did France establish a foothold? |
Indo-China |
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Work on which railway began in 1891? |
Russias Trans-Siberian Railway in north China |
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What was the British response to French activity in Indo-China? |
To annex territory in Malaya (1874), Sarawak, North Borneo (1881), Brunei (1885) and Upper Burma (1885) |
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When did France become more active in Africa? |
1880s |
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When and where in Africa did Germany begin making annexations? |
1884 in south-west and western regions |
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Which 2 conferences were held to facilitate Europeans' access and control over African territory? |
Brussels Conference (1876) Berlin Conference (1884 and '85) |
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Who hosted Brussels Conference 1874? |
King Leopold of Belgium |
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What was decided at the Brussels Conference? |
Africans incapable of developing natural resources to European intervention needed. Routes to great lakes needed to be developed through roads/railways. International African Association should coordinate Europeans' efforts. |
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Who did the International African Association hire to advise in Congo region at Brussels conference? |
Henry Morton Stanley |
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Who did French hire to stake claims in Congo region? |
Pierre de Brazza |
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Who did Germany hire to assert influence in Congo region? |
Gustav Nachtigal |
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France extended control from Senegal to where in 1879? |
Western Sudan |
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Portugal asserted their claim to where in Africa in 1884? |
mouth of Congo River |
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In 1884, how much of Africa was still under local control? |
80% |
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Who hosted the Berlin Conference? |
German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck |
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How many European states attended Berlin Conference? |
14 |
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The Berlin Conference's General Act promised what? |
All nations allowed to trade in basin of Congo and its outlets. Free trade in these regions Powers with influence in area should help protect indigenous peoples and suppress slave trade Should support and protect religious, scientific or charitable undertakings. If any took possession of further land on coasts of Africa, should notify signatories to let them assert any claims of their own. |
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What was 'effective occupation'? |
A European power that could demonstrate it had local treaty agreement and active admin and able to police territory, was recognised as rightful ruler. |
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By 1900, how much of Africa was in European hands? |
90% |
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What was the informal empire? |
Places influenced by Brit power, particularly economic power, sealed though free trade agreements or Brit investment |
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By 1865, how much was Britain's public capital in Latin America? |
$80 million |
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Post 1850s, Latin America accounted for how much of Brits imports and exports? |
10% |
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Brit City Financer, Charles Morrison, acquired which Argentinian bank, in which year? |
The Mercantile Bank of the River Plate in 1881 |
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When was pressure put on Mexico to uphold free trade? |
1861 |
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When did Royal Navy ensured compliance in Peru? |
1857 |
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When did Royal Navy ensured compliance in Chile? |
1863 |
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Name somewhere in the East brought under influence through trade treaties? |
Siam (Thailand) Iran (Middle East) |
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By which treaties did Brit gain trading bases in Shanghai and Hong Kong? |
Nanking (1842) and Tientsin (1858) |
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In 1863, who was appointed head of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Office/ |
Robert Hart |
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The Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Office was a branch of which gov? |
Chi'ing gov |
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Threat of invasion of Afghanistan in 1879 led to which treaty? |
Gandamak |
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Through which trader was Brit able to exert influence over Sultanate of Zanzibar in East Africa? |
John Kirk |
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What is mercantilism? |
A system of regulations governing trade |
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Which influential book advocated 'free trade'? |
The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith |
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In third quarter of the 1800s, how much of Britain's exports came from it's colonies? |
20% |
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In third quarter of the 1800s, how much of Britain's exports when to it's colonies |
Around a 1/3rd |
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When was the first Colonial Conference? |
1887 |
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When did Canada impose tariffs against imported manufacturers? |
1859 |
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When was the compound steam engine developed? |
1850s |
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When was the triple expansion steam engine invented? |
1870s |
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What resulted in the boom years for clipper ships? |
Treaty of Nanking and growing demand for tea from China |
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Between what years was investment abroad was greater than that at home? |
1886-1890 |
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Which canal was built in Canada in 1867? |
Welland Canal |
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Where were Indian 'coolies' usually taken? |
West Indian colonies or South Africa |
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Where were gold deposits found in 1886? |
Witwatersrand |
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In Transvaal gold rush, how many Brit miners travelled to Transvaal? |
30,000 |
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By 1866, how much gold was Victoria, Australia producing? |
124 million - 1/3rd of world production |
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Where was the secomd Australian gold rush, in the 1880s? |
Around Kalgoorlie, West Australia |
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What was the value of tea from India in 1854? |
24,000 |
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What was the value of tea from India in 1876? |
2,429,000 |
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What company was given charter for North Borneo in 1881? |
North Borneo Trading Company |
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Which league promoted colonial unity? |
Imperial Federation League 1884 |
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Name some explorers? |
Livingstone, John Kirk, Richard Burton, John Hanning Speke |
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Where and when did Livingstone begin his travels? |
South Africa 1841 as missionary doctor |
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When did Livingstone receive gov funding for a return to Africa? |
1858 |
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What official title was Livingstone given? |
Consul for the East Coast of Africa |
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By who and when was Livingstone rediscovered after his disappearance? |
Henry Stanley 1871 |
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What was John Kirk on Livingstone's Zambezi expedition? |
Chief medical officer and economic botanist |
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Kirk returned to Africa when and as what? |
1868 as medical officer and Vice-Consul in the Sultanate of Zanzibar |
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Why was Zanzibar of commercial interest? |
Its clove and ivory exports |
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When was Brit East Africa established? |
1895 |
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What did Richard Burton become famous for? |
His stories of Muslim life and manners based on his daring visits to sacred Islamic cities, where no western christian had been before. |
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When was Burton wounded in the Somaliland? |
1855 |
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When did Burton take an expedition from Zanzibar? |
1857-1858 |
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When did the Brit Association for the Advancement of Science invite Burton and Speke to debate their theories? |
1864 |
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How many volumes did Burton produce? |
43 |
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When was Burton's quest to find the origin of the Nile? |
1857 |
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Who were the first Europeans to reach Lake Tanganyika? |
Burton and Speke |
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When did Speke discover Lake Victoria? |
July 1858 |
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Name two non-conformist Christian groups |
Presbyterians and Methodists |
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Where did missionaries help to open territories by penetrating beyond colonial frontiers? |
Congo and inland China in 1880s |
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Where did missionaries follow imperial conquest? |
Punjab 1850s |
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Name a tribe that missionaries broke up as they were resistant to the Christian message |
Ijebu in Nigeria |
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It was Methodist missionaries who paved the ground for Brit rule where, in 1874? |
Fiji |
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Which missionary put pressure on gov to establish protectorate over Bechuanaland and was then appointed its Deputy Commisioner? |
John Macjenzie |
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When was Bechuanaland made a protectorate? |
1883 |
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Where were methodist mission stations set-up in China? |
Fat-Shan 1860 Han-kau 1862 |
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Which society clashed with the first Anglican African bishop in Niger region - Samuel Crowther? |
Anglican Church Missionary Society |
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When was Crowther forced to resign? |
1891 |
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Name some traders? |
Cecil Rhodes, William MacKinnon and George Goldie |
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Who owned all of South Africa's diamond mines? |
Cecil Rhodes |
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For how much of the world's global diamond production was South Africa responsible for? |
90% |
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Which Company did Rhodes own? |
British South Africa Company 1889 |
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What area of land did Brit South Africa Company control? |
Zambezi, later Rhodesia |
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What quote did Rhodes make in Confession of Faith? |
"I contend that we are the finest race in the world" |
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Which Company did Mackinnon found? |
Calcutta and Burma Steam Navigation Company, later became the Brit India Steam Navigation Company and the Brit East Africa Company |
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Name a Compnay that Goldie organised? |
United Africa Company |
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What was the United Africa Company? |
In 1879, Goldie persuaded all Brit trading firms on Niger River to create single company - controlled 30 posts. |
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What was Evelyn Baring's nickname? |
Over-Baring |
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When and where was Evelyn Baring's second posting? |
Egypt - 1877 |
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When did Baring return to Egypt as Consul-General? |
1882 |
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When was the Dufferin Report? |
1883 |
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What did the Dufferin Report establish? |
A 'veiled protectorate' in Egypt |
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When did Baring resign? |
1907 |
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For what did Bartle Frere recieve a knighthood and place on the Viceroy's Council in Calcutta? |
Helping to crush the Indian Mutiny as part of Indian Civil Service |
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In 1877, Bartle Frere was appointed as what? |
High Commissioner and Governor of Cape Colony |
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Bartle Frere had been chosen to bring about what in Cape? |
A planned confederation - merging Brit South Africa with Dutch Boer Republic of the Transvaal |
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Who did Frere deliberately provoke a war with? When did he do this? |
The Zulus Dec 1878 |
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Which defeat of Brits by Zulus led to official reprimand? |
Isandhlwana Jan 1879 |
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When was Frere withdrawn from Africa? |
1880 |
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In 1865, a Parliamentary Select Committee recommended what? |
Withdrawal from Brit's West African settlements on grounds of cost |
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Who asserted the Conservatives as the 'party of empire' in the 1870s? |
Benjamin Disraeli |
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In which speech did Disraeli make clear his affinity for empire? |
1872 Crystal Palace speech |
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Before 1874, when was the last time the Conservatives had won an election? |
1841 |
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Who succeeded Disraeli? |
Lord Salisbury (1886-92) |
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The 1867 Reform Act extended the vote to how many people? |
1.5 million men (up from 650,000) |
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Which Act bestowed Victoria with the title 'Empress of India'? |
Royal Titles Act 1877 |
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When and were was Robert Lytton's durbar? |
Delhi 1877 |
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Disraeli sought to consolidate by attempting to turn which neighbour into a client state? |
Afghansitan |
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When did Lytton launch an invasion of Afghanistan? |
Nov 1878 |
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How many losses did Brit suffer in Afganistan war? |
10,000 |
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Setbacks where, contributed to Conservatives defeat in April 1880s election? |
Afghan and Zulu campaign |
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When did Boers declare their independance? |
Dec 1880 |
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When was First Boer War? |
1880-81 |
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After which defeat in First Boer war did Gladsone refuse to commit more troops, time or money to ensure hegemony over South Africa? |
Majuba Hill Feb 1881 |
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What did Gladstone say about the Sudanese in the Madhist Rebellion 1884? |
they are "struggling rightly to be free" |
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The Berlin Conference 1884-85 forced Gladstone to turn where into protectorates? |
Somaliland and Bechuanaland |
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Local what rulers were left in power in Brit Bechuanaland? |
Tswana rulers |
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Germany renamed New Guinea what in 1884? |
Kaiser Wilhelmsland |
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The 1884 Parliamentary Act extended the vote to how many? |
5.5 million |
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When did Gladstone resign? |
June 1885 |
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In 1886 who introduced a Home Rule Bill for Ireland? |
Gladstone |
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When was the Education Act passed? |
1870 |
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When was Cawnpore recaptured and by who? |
July 1857 Major-General Henry Havelock |
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How many Brit captives were killed at Cawnpore? |
200 |
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What did Daily Telegraph recount the rebels had done in Alexandria? |
Killed "all the Christians they could find" - 14th July 1882 |
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When did the Boy's Own Paper first appear? |
1879 |
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Give an example of imperialist literature |
She by H Rider Haggard (1887) |
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When was Origin of Species published? |
1859 |
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When was the International Exhibition? |
1862 |
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Where was the International Exhibition held? |
South Kensington |
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How many exhibitors did the International Exhibition feature? |
28,000, from 36 countries |
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Who advocated 'Social Darwinism'? |
Herbert Spencer |
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When was the Africa Exhibition? |
1890 |
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With who did Indian Mutiny 1857 begin? |
Sepoys in Bengal Army |
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What was the trigger for the Indian Mutiny? |
Landlords/nobles deprived of their lands by Governor-General Dalhousie and offences to religious sensibilities |
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Name some northern cities controlled by Sepoys during Mutiny |
Agra, Lucknow and Cawnpore |
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Which battle ended the Mutiny? |
Gwalior - June 1858 |
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When did India come under direct rule of Brit Crown? |
1858 |
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How much of Indian land did Brit development schemes affect? |
6% |
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Which Viceroy introduced Star of India Medal and shared positions within Imperial Assembly or Statutory Civil Service among Indian Nobility? |
Viceroy Canning |
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Where were universities est in 1857? |
Bombay, Madras and Calcutta |
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What does 'wogs' stand for? |
Westernised Oriental Gentlemen |
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In the thirty years after 1857, how many Indians entered universities and how many of them studied law? |
60,000 2,000 |
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In aftermath of Mutiny, how fast were railway tracks built? |
two miles a day |
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How many tea plantations were there in India in 1851? |
1 |
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How many tea plantations were there in India in 1871? |
295 |
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What increased friction between Boers and Bantu in 1867? |
Discovery of diamonds near Kimberley on Vaal River, West Griqualand |
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When did Brit annex Basutoland? |
1868 |
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Basutoland belonged to which tribes? |
Khoi Khoi and Sotho |
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When did Brit annex West Griqualand? |
1871 |
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What did the Griqu do after the 1871 annexation of West Griqualand? |
2000 of them est Griqualand East in 1873 |
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When was Griqualand East annexed by Brit? |
1874 |
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When did Brit propose federation of Brit and Boer territories? |
1875 |
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Which Brit war annexed communities to the Cape 1877-78? |
Xhosa War |
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Which tribe were Boers unable to defeat? |
Pedi - eastern Transvaal |
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When did Brit annex Transvaal? |
1877 |
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When did Brit invade Zululand? |
Jan 1879 |
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From when did Boers turn on Brits? |
1880 |
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Which battle saw defeat of Brit at hands of Boers in Feb 1881 |
Majuba Hill |
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After Majuba Hill, what did Brits have to sign? |
Convention of Pretoria |
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What did the Convention of Pretoria stipulate? |
Brits had to recognise Boer self-gov in Transvaal - Brit still claimed right over external affairs |
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When did Germans arrive in south-west Africa? |
1884 |
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What did Brit annex in 1885 as a strategic attempt to prevent alliance between Germans and Boers? |
Bechuanaland |
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Where was gold discovered in Africa in 1886 |
Witwatersrand |
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What were non-Boer Europeans flocking to transvaal known as? |
Uitlanders |
