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60 Cards in this Set

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- Largest lipoprotein with the lowest density




- formed in the intestine




- gives serum turbid appearance after meals

chylomicrons

- Transports exogenous triglycerides




- Float to top and form creamy layer when plasma is stored overnight

chylomicrons

Chylomicrons mainly contains apoproteins

B-48

Known as the good cholesterol, made up of 45 - 55% protein

HDL

Carries endogenous triglycerides synthesized in the liver





VLDL






(-Has apolipoprotein)

B100

- Body's major cholesterol carrier



- Transports large amounts of endogenous cholesterol



- Known as "bad cholesterol"

LDL

LDL brings cholesterol to the peripheral cell to form what hormones?

adrenal and reproductive hormones

Analysis, interpretation and evaluation of drug concentration in serum, plasma or whole blood serum.




Employed to establish maximum benefits with minimal toxic effects.

Therapeutic Drug Management (TDM)





(What is the therapeutic drug range?)


Drug concentration that produces benefits


Most drugs are absorbed fromt he ______ and liquids are absorbed more quickly than tablets/capsule

GI tract

"Pass metabolism" refers to the process where all drugs absorbed from GIT must go through the _____ before entering circulation

liver

Most drugs circulate in the blood, bound to plasma proteins.




Acidic drugs bind to _______




Basic drugs bind _______




Other drugs bind to both

albumin




alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG)

Only ____ drugs can interact with target sites and produce a response

Free drugs

Drugs are eliminated from the circulation through ______ and _______

hepatic metabolic processes




renal filtration

In the liver, drugs are converted to _______ and then conjugated to make them water soluble.

metabolites






(Where are the eliminated?)

through urine or bile

Drug administration produces high (peak drug level) and low (trough drug level) in variations in drug concentrations. What is the goal of TDM?

To keep trough (low) level from dropping below therapeutic concentration and keep peak level from rising to toxic level

Approximately ______ doses of a drug are required to achieve a steady state where peak and trough levels can be assessed

4 - 7

Used as confirmatory test for drugs:

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)


The timing of sample collection is critical in TDM. What must be noted in the laboratory result?

Time of last dose and time of extraction

When only peak or trough level is required the blood should be drawn:




Peak -




Trough -

Peak - sample drawn right before next dose






Trough - sample drawn 1hr after oral administration

Most drugs can be quantified using

immunoassay techniques or chromatography

Refers to the amount of damage done to an organism when substance is administered at less than the lethal dose

Toxic response

A one time exposure of short duration to an agent that immediately causes a toxic response

acute toxicity

Multiple exposure for extended time periods to an agent at a dosage that will not cause an acute response

chronic toxicity

A toxic agent that is associated with toxic hepatitis and cirrhosis with chronic exposure

Ethanol






(Give the formula for its enzymatic method)

ethanol - NAD + alcohol dehydrogenase




= acetaldehyde + NADH

What is the reference method for ethanol to differentiate the various types and the quantity of alcohol

Gas liquid chromatography








(What is one way to avoid Ethanol toxicity?)

avoid using alcohol wipes during phlebotomy

Ingestion is related to:




- severe acidosis




- blindness




- death

Methanol






(How can methanol toxicity lead to death?)

Methanol converting to formaldehyde, which then metabolizes into formic acid

Ingestion produces severe acute symptoms similar to ethanol intoxication, but persists for a long time.

Isopropanol






(Why does it persist for a long time?)

Isopropanol metabolizes to acetone which has a long half life

Ingestion produces severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular damage

Ethylene glycol






(Where is it found?)

In anti-freeze

How is carbon dioxide toxic?

It binds strongly to hemoglobin, but does not allow oxygen to attach to it. It is 200x stronger than oxygen's affinity to bind to hemoglobin.






(What can it cause?)


hypoxia in brain and heart

Carbon dioxide forms ________ which produces a ______ color of the blood

carboxyhemoglobin




cherry red

What is the reference method for carbon monoxide analysis?

Gas liquid chromatography






(What specimen is used?)

whole blood

- used in insecticide and rodenticide




- exposure occurs via ingestion, inhalation or transdermal

cyanide






(What method of analysis is used for cyanide?)

Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

Cyanide binds to:

- heme iron




- mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase

- inhibits various enzymes as well as heme synthesis




- exposure may occur if ingested, inhaled or contacted dermally

lead

Lead interferes in heme biosynthesis in many stages the last one being:

incorporation of iron into the tetrapyrrole ring

Lead poisoning in children is linked with the ingestion of?

lead laden paint chips

The lab results in lead poisoning will show:

- basophilic stipping of RBCs




- increased urinary excretion of aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrins

What method is used in analysis of lead intoxication?

Whole lood in




- atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)




- anodic stripping voltammetry

Assoc. with the order of garlic



Arsenic

Arsenic binds to ______ in proteins





Excreted in urine

thiol groups






Iodized arsenic

Specimen that are used to assess:




short term arsenic exposure -






long term arsenic exposure -





short term - blood and urine






long term - skin, hair, fingernails




(Through what method?)

atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)

Binds to proteins and inhibits many enzymes

Mercury






(What method of analysis is used?)

- atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)




- anodic stripping voltammetry

Pesticides exposure may be due to:

- food contamination




- inhaled or absorbed through skin




- ingested via hand to mouth

May inhibit acetyl-cholinesterase

- organophosphate




- carbamate

- used as an analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory




- administered orally

salicylate (aspirin)

Salicylate (aspirin) cause:

- mixed acid base imbalance


(metabolic acidosis, resp alkalosis)






- ketone body formation




- excess formation of lactate

What method is used to assess salicylate (aspirin) activity?

- tinder reagent




- ferric nitrate method w/colored product


(Read via )

- spetrophotometer




- liquid chromatography

- used as analgesic; administered orally




- can cause liver toxicity

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)






(Method of analysis used?)

- immunoassays




- high performance liquid chromatography

Vitamin A also known as _______ causes:

Retinol






- night blindness

Vitamin B1 also known as _______ causes:

Thiamine




- Berberi




- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Vitamin B2 also known as _______ causes:

Riboflavin






- Cheilosis




- Angular stomatitis




- Glossitis

Vitamin B3 also known as _______ causes:

Niacin




- Pellagra

Vitamin B5 also known as _______ causes:

Panthothenic acid




- Paresthesia




- Muscle weakness

Vitamin B6 also known as _______ causes:

Pyridoxine






- Seborrheic dermatitis

Vitamin B9 also known as _______ causes:

Folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid)






- Megaloblastic anemia

Vitamin B12 also known as _______ causes:

Cyanocobalamin








- megalobastic anemia




- neurologic abnormalities

Vitamin C also known as _______ causes:

Ascorbic acid








- scurvy

Vitamin D also known as _______ causes:

Cholecalciferol/Ergocalciferol








- Rickets (young)




- Osteomalacia (adults)

Vitamin E also known as _______ causes:

Tocopherol






- Mild hemolytic anemia




- Red cell fragility

Vitamin K also known as _______ causes:

Phylloquinones








- bleeding/hemorrhage