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60 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
- Largest lipoprotein with the lowest density - formed in the intestine - gives serum turbid appearance after meals |
chylomicrons |
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- Transports exogenous triglycerides - Float to top and form creamy layer when plasma is stored overnight |
chylomicrons
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Chylomicrons mainly contains apoproteins |
B-48 |
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Known as the good cholesterol, made up of 45 - 55% protein |
HDL |
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Carries endogenous triglycerides synthesized in the liver |
VLDL (-Has apolipoprotein) |
B100
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- Body's major cholesterol carrier
- Transports large amounts of endogenous cholesterol
- Known as "bad cholesterol" |
LDL |
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LDL brings cholesterol to the peripheral cell to form what hormones? |
adrenal and reproductive hormones |
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Analysis, interpretation and evaluation of drug concentration in serum, plasma or whole blood serum.
Employed to establish maximum benefits with minimal toxic effects. |
Therapeutic Drug Management (TDM)
(What is the therapeutic drug range?)
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Drug concentration that produces benefits
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Most drugs are absorbed fromt he ______ and liquids are absorbed more quickly than tablets/capsule |
GI tract |
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"Pass metabolism" refers to the process where all drugs absorbed from GIT must go through the _____ before entering circulation |
liver |
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Most drugs circulate in the blood, bound to plasma proteins. Acidic drugs bind to _______ Basic drugs bind _______ Other drugs bind to both |
albumin alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) |
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Only ____ drugs can interact with target sites and produce a response |
Free drugs |
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Drugs are eliminated from the circulation through ______ and _______ |
hepatic metabolic processes renal filtration |
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In the liver, drugs are converted to _______ and then conjugated to make them water soluble. |
metabolites (Where are the eliminated?) |
through urine or bile |
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Drug administration produces high (peak drug level) and low (trough drug level) in variations in drug concentrations. What is the goal of TDM? |
To keep trough (low) level from dropping below therapeutic concentration and keep peak level from rising to toxic level |
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Approximately ______ doses of a drug are required to achieve a steady state where peak and trough levels can be assessed |
4 - 7 |
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Used as confirmatory test for drugs: |
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) |
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The timing of sample collection is critical in TDM. What must be noted in the laboratory result? |
Time of last dose and time of extraction |
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When only peak or trough level is required the blood should be drawn: Peak - Trough - |
Peak - sample drawn right before next dose Trough - sample drawn 1hr after oral administration |
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Most drugs can be quantified using |
immunoassay techniques or chromatography |
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Refers to the amount of damage done to an organism when substance is administered at less than the lethal dose |
Toxic response |
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A one time exposure of short duration to an agent that immediately causes a toxic response |
acute toxicity |
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Multiple exposure for extended time periods to an agent at a dosage that will not cause an acute response |
chronic toxicity |
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A toxic agent that is associated with toxic hepatitis and cirrhosis with chronic exposure |
Ethanol (Give the formula for its enzymatic method) |
ethanol - NAD + alcohol dehydrogenase = acetaldehyde + NADH |
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What is the reference method for ethanol to differentiate the various types and the quantity of alcohol |
Gas liquid chromatography (What is one way to avoid Ethanol toxicity?) |
avoid using alcohol wipes during phlebotomy |
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Ingestion is related to: - severe acidosis - blindness - death |
Methanol (How can methanol toxicity lead to death?) |
Methanol converting to formaldehyde, which then metabolizes into formic acid |
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Ingestion produces severe acute symptoms similar to ethanol intoxication, but persists for a long time. |
Isopropanol (Why does it persist for a long time?) |
Isopropanol metabolizes to acetone which has a long half life |
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Ingestion produces severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular damage |
Ethylene glycol (Where is it found?) |
In anti-freeze |
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How is carbon dioxide toxic? |
It binds strongly to hemoglobin, but does not allow oxygen to attach to it. It is 200x stronger than oxygen's affinity to bind to hemoglobin. (What can it cause?) |
hypoxia in brain and heart
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Carbon dioxide forms ________ which produces a ______ color of the blood |
carboxyhemoglobin cherry red |
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What is the reference method for carbon monoxide analysis? |
Gas liquid chromatography (What specimen is used?) |
whole blood |
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- used in insecticide and rodenticide - exposure occurs via ingestion, inhalation or transdermal |
cyanide (What method of analysis is used for cyanide?) |
Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) |
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Cyanide binds to: |
- heme iron - mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase |
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- inhibits various enzymes as well as heme synthesis - exposure may occur if ingested, inhaled or contacted dermally |
lead |
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Lead interferes in heme biosynthesis in many stages the last one being: |
incorporation of iron into the tetrapyrrole ring |
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Lead poisoning in children is linked with the ingestion of? |
lead laden paint chips |
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The lab results in lead poisoning will show: |
- basophilic stipping of RBCs - increased urinary excretion of aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrins |
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What method is used in analysis of lead intoxication? |
Whole lood in - atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) - anodic stripping voltammetry |
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Assoc. with the order of garlic |
Arsenic |
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Arsenic binds to ______ in proteins |
thiol groups Iodized arsenic |
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Specimen that are used to assess: short term arsenic exposure - long term arsenic exposure - |
short term - blood and urine long term - skin, hair, fingernails (Through what method?) |
atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) |
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Binds to proteins and inhibits many enzymes |
Mercury (What method of analysis is used?) |
- atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) - anodic stripping voltammetry |
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Pesticides exposure may be due to: |
- food contamination - inhaled or absorbed through skin - ingested via hand to mouth |
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May inhibit acetyl-cholinesterase |
- organophosphate - carbamate |
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- used as an analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory - administered orally |
salicylate (aspirin) |
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Salicylate (aspirin) cause:
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- mixed acid base imbalance (metabolic acidosis, resp alkalosis) - ketone body formation - excess formation of lactate |
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What method is used to assess salicylate (aspirin) activity? |
- tinder reagent - ferric nitrate method w/colored product (Read via ) |
- spetrophotometer - liquid chromatography |
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- used as analgesic; administered orally - can cause liver toxicity |
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) (Method of analysis used?) |
- immunoassays - high performance liquid chromatography |
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Vitamin A also known as _______ causes: |
Retinol - night blindness |
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Vitamin B1 also known as _______ causes: |
Thiamine - Berberi - Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
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Vitamin B2 also known as _______ causes: |
Riboflavin - Cheilosis - Angular stomatitis - Glossitis |
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Vitamin B3 also known as _______ causes: |
Niacin - Pellagra |
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Vitamin B5 also known as _______ causes: |
Panthothenic acid - Paresthesia - Muscle weakness |
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Vitamin B6 also known as _______ causes: |
Pyridoxine - Seborrheic dermatitis |
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Vitamin B9 also known as _______ causes: |
Folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) - Megaloblastic anemia |
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Vitamin B12 also known as _______ causes: |
Cyanocobalamin - megalobastic anemia - neurologic abnormalities |
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Vitamin C also known as _______ causes: |
Ascorbic acid - scurvy |
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Vitamin D also known as _______ causes: |
Cholecalciferol/Ergocalciferol - Rickets (young) - Osteomalacia (adults) |
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Vitamin E also known as _______ causes: |
Tocopherol - Mild hemolytic anemia - Red cell fragility |
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Vitamin K also known as _______ causes: |
Phylloquinones - bleeding/hemorrhage |
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