1:: Cardiovascular Disorders

Front 1

what is an Aneurysm?

Back 1

Localized outpouching or dilation of weakened vessel wall

Front 2

Common locations where an aneurysm can form

Back 2

-Abdominal aorta, between renal arteries and iliac branches

-Thoracic aorta (ascending, transverse, or descending)

-Cerebral artery at arterial junction in circle of Willis

-Femoral and popliteal arteries

Front 3

Aortic aneurysm types?

Back 3

-Saccular: unilateral pouchlike bulge with narrowing neck

-Fusiform: spindle shaped bulge encompassing entire diameter of vessel

-Dissecting: Hemorrhagic separation of medial layers of vessel wall, which create false lumen

-False: Pulsating hematoma resulting from trauma and commonly mistaken for abdominal aneurysm

Front 4

What is a Cardiac Shunt?

Back 4

Provides "communication" between pulmonary and systemic circulations

-Blood flows from area of high pressure to area of low pressure or from area of high resistance to area of low resistance

Front 5

Describe what happen in a Left-to-right shunt

Back 5

-Blood flows through atrial or ventricular defect or from aorta to pulmonary circulation through patent ductus arteriosus

-Delivers oxygenated blood back to right side of heart or to lungs

-If congenital, called an acyanotic defect

-Pulmonary blood flow increases as blood is continuously recirculated to lungs

-leads to hypertrophy of pulmonary vessels and possible right-side heart failure

Front 6

Describe a Right-to-left shunt

Back 6

-Blood flows from right side of heart to left (as in tetralogy of Fallot) or from pulmonary artery directly into systemic circulation

-Adds deoxygenated blood to systemic circulation

-Leads to hypoxia and cyanosis

-If Congenital, called a cyanotic defect

-Manifested as fatigue, increased respiratory rate, and clubbing of fingers

Front 7

What is An Embolus?

Back 7

-Substance that circulates from one location in the body to another through the bloodstream

-Mostly orginate as blood clots from thrombus

-Possibly consist of pieces of tissue, an air bubble,amniotic fluid, fat, bacteria, tumor cells, or a foreign substance

Front 8

What is a Venous emboli?

Back 8

-Originate in venous circulation

-Travel to right side of heart and pulmonary circulation

-Eventually lodge in a capillary

Front 9

What is an Arterial emboli?

Back 9

-Originated in left side of heart from arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, myocardial infarction(MI), heart failure, or endocarditis

-Possible lodge in organs (such as brain and kidneys) or extremities

Front 10

Describe what happens during the release of cardiac enzymes and proteins.

Back 10

-Release of enzymes (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, asparate aminotransferase) and proteins (troponin T, troponin I, and myoglobin) triggered by damage to heart muscl and subsequent impairment to cell membrane integrity and measurable in the bloodstream

-Characterized by rising and then falling blood values of these enzymes and proteins

Front 11

What is Stenosis?

Back 11

-narrowing blood vessel or heart valve
-Cause ischemia, abnormal function, or death of tissues and organ perfused by stenosed blood vessel

-Blood accumulation in chamber behind stemosed valve; increased chamber pressure from resistance of stenosed valve
-Pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary congestion caused by stenosis of valve on left side of heart, leading to right-sided heart failure

-systemic venous congestion cause caused by stenosis of valve on the right side of heart

Front 12

What is Thrombus?

Back 12

Blood Clot (consisting of platelets, fibrin, and red and white blood cells) that forms anywhere within the vascular system
-Three conditions (Virchow's triad) that promote thrombus formation

Front 13

Name the conditions that promote thrombus formation (Virchow's triad)

Back 13

-Endothelial injury: attracts platelets and other inflammatory mediators, which may stimulate clot formation

-Sluggish blood flow: allows platelets and clotting factors to accumulate and adhere to blood vessel walls

-Increased coagulability:promotes clot formation

Front 14

What is ischemia?

Back 14

deficiency of blood going to tissues for reason such as stenosis or obstruction of vessels

Front 15

What is Hypoxia?

Back 15

indequate supply of oxygen to the tissues.

Front 16

What is Hypoexmia?

Back 16

A low oxygen concentration of the arterial blood.

Front 17

What is Angina?

Back 17

chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle

Front 18

What is Palpitation?

Back 18

an awareness of the beating of the heart, whether it is too slow, too fast, irregular, or at its normal frequency.

Front 19

What is Syncope?

Back 19

Medical term for fainting. Most common type of syncope is vasovagal syncope.

Front 20

What is an arrhythmia?

Back 20

Irregular heartbeat either too fast or too slow