09 22 The Classics

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经 jing Classics

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The body of traditional materials deemed with great reverence due to its antiquity, including 诗，书，易，礼，乐，春秋. The jing were associated with the ru 儒, “Traditionalist” schools of learning, connected in but not restricted to the old states of Qi 齐and Lu鲁.

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书 Shu

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One of the Classics. Of which we know there had been a written depository form, though they were circulated orally. Recorded traditions of memorized prose texts.

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易 Yi

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One of the Classics. Hexagrams with names accompanied by traditions of oral interpretation

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礼 li

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One of the classics. A body of received ritual practice for workshop and behavior on certain occasions

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乐 yue

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A body of music to accompany rituals on some occasions.

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春秋 chunqiu “Spring and autumn annals”

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A court chronicle for the domain of Lu, covering events from 722 to 481 B.C. It was a written text thought to have some connection with Confucius.

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乐经 Yuejing The Classics of Music

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Traditionally believed to have been burnt in the Qin bibliocaust or otherwise lost in the Qin (221-207 B.C.). It may have never existed as a text, but rather been only musical traditions associated with the Shi and the Rituals.

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乐志 Yuezhi

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A text about music in the Shiji

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乐记 Yueji

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A text about music in the Liji

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五经 Wujing “Five Classics”

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Shi, Shu, Yi, Li, Yue, Chunqiu (The Yue was lost)

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九经 Jiujing “Nine Classics”

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Shi, Shu, Yi; three ritual texts: Yili (仪礼), Zhouli （周礼）, Liji （礼记）; three traditions of interpretations and elaboration around the Chunqiu: Zuozhuan （左传）, Gongyang zhuan （公羊传）, Guliang zhuan (穀梁传). First printed 932-953.

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陆德明 Lu Deming

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Scholar on the classics, author of 经典释文 (556-627), lived in the Chen dynasty.

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经典释文 Jingdian shiwen

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A 6th-century scholarship the Classics; gives only the Zuozhuan version of the Chunqiu but adds Xiaojing (孝经) and Erya（尔雅）. Completed by Lu Deming in the Chen Dynasty (557-589) in the late sixth century. It represents Southern learning on the Classics and preserves much early scholarship.

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孝经 Xiaojing

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Added as a classic in Lu Deming’s Jingdian shiwen.

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论语 Lunyu The Analects

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Collection of Confucius’ sayings. One of the classics. Probably didn't come together as a book before 150 BCE.

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十二经 “Twelve Classics”

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诗，书，易，仪礼，周礼，礼记，左传，公羊传，穀梁传，孝经，尔雅，论语. Body of texts fixed in the Tang.

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汉书 Hanshu

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The Yiwen zhi (艺文志) in the Hanshu includes The Analects as a Classic

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十三经 Shisan jing “Thirteen Classics”

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Shi诗，Shu书，Yi易，Yili仪礼，Zhouli周礼，Liji礼记，Zhuzhuan左传，Gongyang公zhuan羊传，Guliang zhuan穀梁传，Xiaojing孝经，Erya尔雅，Lunyu论语，Mengzi孟子. These were printed in the late twelfth century with their standard commentaries.

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四书 Sishu “Four Books”

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Made by Zhu Xi during the Southern Song (12th century). Consisted of the Lunyu, the Mengzi, and two chapters from the Liji—the re-paragraphed Zhongyong, and a drastically rearranged Daxue.

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焦氏易林 Jiaoshi Yilin

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Attributed to the Western Han scholar Jiao Yanshou. The work consists of rhymed prognostications, probably the largest body of verse in the four syllable line from antiquity.

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周官 Zhouguan

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An imagined governmental structure; played an important role in Chinese history. Lecture notes point out that it was clearly a more appropriate title than Zhou li.

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春秋三传 The Chunqiu and Its Adjuncts

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Gongyang zhuan, Guliang zhuan, and Zuozhuan

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右史 youshi “archivist of the right”

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An office of the Zhou government responsible for recording actions

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左史 zuoshi “archivist of the left”

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An office of the Zhou government responsible for recording the royal words

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微言 weiyan

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'subtle judgments' - term for judgments made in 春秋 that Mencius believed Confucius’ placed his future reputation on; supposedly the phrasing in the annals revealed subtle judgments on history.

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孔子家语 Kongzi jiayu

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Collection of Confucius’s posthumous sayings, earliest seen from Yiwenzhi in Hanshu
- 3rd century AD

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孟轲 Meng Ke

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One tradition accepts the Mencius as the work of Meng Ke (372-289 B.C. or 385-302 dates uncertain)

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传 chuan “transmit”

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Oral or copying written texts

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白虎通义 Baihu tongyi

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Notes made of the debates among scholars on the issue of new versus old script versions of the Classics. The debates took place in the reign of Emperor Zhang in A.D. 79.

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郑玄 Zheng Xuan

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A late Eastern Han scholar who was fundamentally an “old script” scholar despite he drew heavily on “new script” interpretations of the Classics.

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义疏 yishu

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Only extant major representative of Southern Classics scholarship. This exegesis of the Analects was by Huang Kan 皇侃 (488-545), and was preserved in Japan. Yishu is perhaps based in the oral pedagogy of the Classics and involves extensive and often repetitive paraphrase, followed by discussion of problematic points.

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五经正义 Wujing zhengyi

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The authorized commentary on the Five Classics throughout the Tang. Completed in Emperor Taizong’s reign (627-649). Done by a committee of scholars under the supervision of Kong Yingda. Although completed in the Tang, the work began in the Sui. It should be seen as a Sui and Tang synthesis of earlier scholarship.

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宋学 Songxue

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Study by Qing scholars who sought moral lessons from the Classics

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汉学 Hanxue

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Study by Qing scholars who returned to older texts and commentaries and emphasized philological studies, also known as the “School of Qian Jia” 乾嘉学派