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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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It is the ____________ of the brain that sends directions via chemical signals to the pituitary gland.
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hypothalamus
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The _________ is occasionally referred to as the master gland...
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pituitary
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The _________ ______ are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream.
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endocrine glands
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________ control the internal environment of the body from the cellular level to the organ level of organization.
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Hormones
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What are the three general chemical classifications of hormones?
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1. modified amino acids.
2. protein hormones. 3. steroid hormones. |
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Examples are the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, epinephrine and norepinephrine, and the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, oxytocin and vasopressin.
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modified amino acids
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...insulin from the pancreatic islets and the gonad-stimulating hormones and growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
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protein hormones
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Examples are cortisol from the adrenal cortex and estrogen and testosterone produced by the gonads.
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steroid hormones
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_______ hormones are lipids.
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Steroid
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...the _______ and ________ _____ ____ hormones...must be injected because they cannot diffuse across the intestinal lining because they are not soluble in lipids.
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protein and modified amino acid
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...________ _________, which is caused by a deficiency in the antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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diabetes mellitus
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...the inferior part of the diencephalon.
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hypothalamus
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There is a funnel-shaped stalk, called the ____________, that extends from the floor of the hypothalamus connecting it to the pituitary gland.
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infundibulum
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_________ ________ and _________ __________ ________, which are actually neurosecretions, either stimulate or inhibit the release of a particular hormone from the pituitary gland.
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releasing hormones and releasing inhibitory hormones
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List the endocrine glands.
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1. pituitary gland
2. pineal gland 3. thyroid gland 4. parathyroid glands 5. thymus gland 6. adrenal glands 7. islets of Langerhans of the pancreas 8. ovaries 9. testes |
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The pituitary gland is also called the _________.
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hypophysis
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A small gland about the size of a pea...
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pituitary
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It is situated in a depression of the sphenoid bone...
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pituitary
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The anterior pituitary produces this many hormones.
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7
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List the hormones of the anterior pituitary.
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1. Growth hormone (GH)
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) 5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 6. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 7. Lactogenic hormone (LTH) or prolactin |
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______ _______ stimulates cell metabolism in most tissues of the body, causing cells to divide and increase in size.
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Growth hormone
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It increases protein synthesis and the breakdown of fats and carbohydrates.
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Growth hormone
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It stimulates the growth of bones and muscles.
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Growth hormone
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Pituitary dwarfism results from...
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too little GH
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Gigantism results from...
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too much GH during childhood
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Excess secretion of GH after childhood when bone has stopped growing results in...
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acromegaly
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Peak secretions of __ occur during periods of sleep, exercise and fasting.
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GH
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...stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone.
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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...___________-_________ hormone, ...stimulates the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete TSH.
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thyrotropin-releasing
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...stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormone called cortisol.
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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...is involved with the glucose-sparing effect and helps reduce inflammation as well as stimulating the adrenal cortex.
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ACTH
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...causes a deepening pigmentation or darkening of the skin.
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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...stimulates development of the follicles in the ovaries of females.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
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In males, it stimulates the production of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
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...stimulates ovulation in the female ovary and production of the female sex hormone progesterone.
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Luteinizing hormone
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It helps maintain pregnancy.
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Luteinizing hormone
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In males, it stimulates the synthesis of testosterone in the testes to maintain sperm cell production.
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Luteinizing hormone
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...also known as prolactin...
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Lactogenic hormone
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...stimulates milk production in the mammary glands following delivery in a pregnant female.
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Lactogenic hormone
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It also maintains progesterone levels following ovulation and during pregnancy in women.
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Lactogenic hormone
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In males, it appears to increase sensitivity to LH and may cause a decrease in male sex hormones.
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Lactogenic hormone
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The _________ _________ ____ consists primarily of nerve fibers and neuroglial cells that support the nerve fibers...
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posterior pituitary lobe
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List the hormones of the posterior pituitary.
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1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin
2. Oxytocin |
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...maintains the body's water balance by promoting increased water reabsorption in the tubules of the nephrons of kidneys, resulting in less water in the urine.
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Antidiuretic hormone
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If secreted in large amounts, ___ can cause constriction of blood vessels, hence its other name vasopressin.
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Antidiuretic hormone
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A deficiency of ADH can result in a condition known as...
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diabetes insipidus
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Individuals with this condition produce 20 to 30 liters of urine daily.
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diabetes insipidus
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...stimulates contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the uterus.
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Oxytocin
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Stretching of uterine and vaginal tissues late in pregnancy stimulates production of...
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Oxytocin
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...also causes contraction of cells in the mammary glands causing milk ejection or lactation...
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Oxytocin
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Occasionally, commercial preparations of ________ are administered to induce labor...
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Oxytocin
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The _______ _____ consists of two lobes connected by a smaller band called the isthmus.
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thyroid gland
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It is a highly vascular, large endocrine gland covered with a capsule of connective tissue.
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thyroid gland
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The _______ _____ requires iodine to function properly.
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thyroid gland
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In countries without adequate amounts of iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland enlarges forming a ______.
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goiter
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Name the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.
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1. Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine or T4 2. triiodothyronine or T3
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In young children, hypothyroidism can result in a condition known as...
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cretinism
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The child with this condition is mentally retarded and does not grow to normal stature.
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cretinism
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In adults, this condition results in a lowered rate of metabolism, causing sluggishness, being too tired to perform normal daily tasks...
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hypothyroidism
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...an accumulation of fluid in subcutaneous tissues...
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myxedema
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This results in extreme nervousness, fatigue and an elevated rate of body metabolism.
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hyperthyroidism
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...is a type of hyperthyroidism often associated with a goiter and bulging eyeballs.
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Graves' disease
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bulging of the eyeballs
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exophthalmia
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...the extrafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete a hormone called __________.
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calcitonin
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This hormone lowers the calcium and phosphate ion concentration of the blood by inhibiting the release of calcium and phosphate ions from the bones and by increasing the excretion of these ions by the kidneys.
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calcitonin
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…are four glands about the size of raisins that are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
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parathyroid glands
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Each ___________ gland consists of many tightly packed secreting cells called chief cells and oxyphil cells close to capillary networks.
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parathyroid
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…inhibits the activity of osteoblasts and causes osteoclasts to break down bone matrix tissue, thus releasing calcium and phosphate ions into the blood.
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parathormone
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…causes the kidneys to conserve blood calcium and stimulates intestinal cells to absorb calcium from digested food…
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parathormone
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This hormone raises blood calcium to normal levels.
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parathormone
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…also increases absorption of calcium by the intestines.
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Vitamin D
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This results in breakdown of bone matrix, and bones become soft and deformed and can easily fracture.
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hyperparathyroidism
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…reduces osteoclast activity, reduces rates of bone matrix breakdown or resorption and reduces Vitamin D formation.
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hypoparathyroidism
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The _______ _______ produces large amounts of the hormone adrenalin, also known as epinephrine, and small amounts of norepinephrine or noradrenalin.
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adrenal medulla
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…are commonly referred to as the fight or flight hormones because they get the body prepared for stressful situations that require vigorous physical activity.
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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…makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland.
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adrenal cortex
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Its cells are organized into three densely packed layers of epithelial cells, forming an inner, a middle and an outer region…
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adrenal cortex
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The most important mineralcorticoid hormone secreted by the outer layer of the adrenal cortex is ___________, which regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys.
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aldosterone
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The middle layer of the adrenal cortex secretes ________, also known as ______________, which is a glucocorticoid hormone.
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cortisol; hydrocortisone
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…stimulates the liver to synthesize glucose from circulating amino acids.
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Cortisol
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Cells in the inner zone of the adrenal cortex produce the adrenal sex hormones called the _________.
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androgens
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In adult women, the _______ _________ stimulate the female sex drive.
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adrenal androgens
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If the adrenal cortex fails to produce enough hormones, a condition known as _________ _______ develops.
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Addison's disease
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Symptoms of this disease include decreased blood sodium, low blood glucose causing fatigue and listlessness, dehydration and low blood pressure.
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Addison's disease
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Too much secretion from the adrenal cortex can lead to…
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Cushing's syndrome
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These hormones regulate blood glucose levels.
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insulin and glucagon
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…secrete the hormone glucagon…
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Alpha cells
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…secrete the hormone insulin.
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beta cells
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If the blood glucose level gets very low, the breakdown of fats releases fatty acids and ketones, causing a lowering of blood pH, a condition known as…
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acidosis
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The principal male sex hormone is…
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testosterone
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In the ovaries, two groups of hormones, ________ and ____________, promote the development of the female reproductive structures…
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estrogen and progesterone
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…is a bilobed mass of tissue found in the mediastinum behind the sternum between the two lungs.
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thymus gland
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It is critical in the development of the immune system…
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thymus gland
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As we age, the gland shrinks and is replaced with fat and connective tissue.
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thymus gland
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This hormone causes the production of certain white blood cells call T lymphocytes.
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thymosin
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Name the hormones secreted by the pineal gland.
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1. melatonin
2. Serotonin |
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…is a small pinecone-shaped structure found between the two cerebral hemispheres attached to the upper part of the thalamus near the top of the third ventricle.
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pineal gland or body
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…affects our sleep-wake patterns and maintains our biological cycles.
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melatonin
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…acts as a neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor. It stimulates smooth muscle contraction and inhibits gastric secretions.
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serotonin
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…large amount of sugar in the urine…
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glycosuria
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…increase in urine production…
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polyuria
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excessive thirst
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polydipsia
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intense food cravings
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polyphagia
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