08: Joints Of The Skeletal System

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Joints are also called

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articulations

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Joints bind parts of the skeletal system, make possible bone growth, permit parts of the skeleton to

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change shape during childbirth & enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions.

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Three general groups of joints are

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fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial

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Joints can also be grouped according to

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the degree of movement possible at the bony junctions

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Immovable joints are called

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synarthrotic

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Slightly movable joints are called

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amphiarthrotic

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Freely movable joints are called

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diarthrotic

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Fibrous joints are so named because

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the dense connective tissue holding them together contains many collagenous fibers

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The three types of fibrous joints are

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syndesmosis, suture, & gomphosis

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In syndesmois, bones are bound by a sheet of

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fiberous connective tissue (interosseous membrane) or bundle of fiberous connective tissue (interosseous ligament)

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An example of a syndesmosis is

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between the tibia & fibula

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Because a syndesmosis permits slight movement, it is called

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amphiarthrotic

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Sutures are only between

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flat bones of the skull

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A sutural ligament

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is thin layer of dense connective tissue that joins flat bones of the skull together

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Fontanels allow

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the skull to change shape slightly during childbirth

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An example of a suture is

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the parietal suture

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Because sutures are immovable, they are called

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synarthrotic

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A gomphosis

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is a joint formed by the union of a cone shaped bony process in a bony socket

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A periodontal ligament

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is a structure that firmly attaches a tooth to the jaw

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An example of a gomphosis

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is a tooth in a socket.

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Bones of cartilaginous joints are joined by

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hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

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Two types of cartilaginous joints are

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synchondroses, & symphyses

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In a synchondrosis

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bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones

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Many synchondroses are

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temporary structures & disappear during growth

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Two examples of synchondroses are

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epiphyseal plates & the joint between the first rib & manubrium

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Synchondroses do not permit movement & are therefore

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synarthroti

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In a symphysis, the articular surfaces of bones are covered with

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a thin layer of hyaline cartilage & the cartilage is attached to a pad of springy fibrocartilage

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Two examples of symphyses are

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the symphysis pubis & intervertebral joints

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Most joints are

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synovial

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Synovial joints allow

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free movement

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Synovial joints are called

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diarthrotic

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Synovial joints consist of

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articular cartilage, a joint capsule, & a synovial membrane

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Articular cartilage is

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a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones

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The joint capsule is

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a tubular structure that holds together the bones of a synovial joint

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The outer layer of the joint capsule consists of

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dense connective tissue

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The inner layer of the joint capsule consists of

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a synovial membrane

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Ligaments reinforce

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the joint capsule

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The synovial membrane is

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a shiny, vascular layer of loose connective tissue

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Synovial fluid comes from

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the synovial membrane

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Besides secreting synovial fluid, the synovial membrane may also

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store adipose tissue & form movable fatty pads with the joint

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Synovial fluid has a consistency of

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uncooked egg white

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Synovial fluid functions

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to moisten & lubricate the smooth cartilaginous surfaces within the joint

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Menisci

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are discs of fibrocartilage

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Menisci function

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to cushion articulating surfaces

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Bursae

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are fluid filled sacs associated with synovial joints

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Bursae are located

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between the skin & underlying bony prominences

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Bursae function

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to cushion & aid the movement of tendons that glide over bony parts or over other tendons

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The names of bursae reflect

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locations.

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The six major types of synovial joints are

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ball and socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, & saddle

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A ball and socket joint consists of

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a bone with a globular head that articulates with a cup shaped cavity of another bone

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A ball and socket joint allows

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a wider range of motion than any other type of joint

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Examples of ball and socket joints are

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the hip joint & shoulder joint

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The structure of a condyloid joint is

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an ovoid condyle of 1 bone fitting into the elliptical cavity of another bone

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An example of a condyloid joint is

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between the metacarpals & phalanges

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The articulating surfaces of gliding joints are

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nearly flat or slightly curved

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Examples of gliding joints are

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joints within the wrists & ankles

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The structure of a hinge joint is

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a convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another bone

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An example of a hinge joint is

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the elbow joint

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The structure of a pivot joint is

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a cylindrical surface of 1 bone rotating within a ring formed of bone & a ligament

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Examples of pivot joints are

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the joint formed between the proximal ends of the radius & ulna, & the joint between the dens of the axis & ring of the atlas

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The structure of a saddle joint

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is a convex surface of 1 bone articulating with a concave surface of another bone

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An example of a saddle joint is

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the joint between the trapezium & the metacarpal of the thumb.

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An insertion of a muscle is

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its movable end

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The origin of a muscle is

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its fixed end

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Flexion

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is bending of a body part

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Extension

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is straightening of a body part

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Hyperextension

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is excess extension of a body part beyond the anatomical position

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Dorsiflexion

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is movement at ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin

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Plantar flexion

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is movement at ankle that brings the foot father from the shin

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Abduction

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is moving a part away from the midline of the body

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Adduction

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is moving a part toward the midline of the body

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Rotation

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is moving a body part around an axis; also known as twisting

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Circumduction

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is moving a body part in a circular path

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Supination

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is turning the palm of the hand up

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Pronation

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is turning the palm of the down

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Eversion

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is turning the foot laterally with the sole flattening

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Inversion

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is turning the foot medially with the sole raising

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Protraction

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is moving a body part forward

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Retraction

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is moving a body part backward

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Elevation

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is raising a body part

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Depression

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is lowering a body part.

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The shoulder joint is

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a ball and socket joint that consists of the rounded head of the humerus & the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula

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The shoulder joint capsule is

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very loose

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Muscles & tendons reinforce

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the shoulder joint capsule

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The four ligaments that help prevent displacement of the shoulder joint are

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coracohumerual, glenohumeral, transverse humeral, & the glenoid labrum

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The coracohumeral ligament strengthens

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the superior portion of the joint capsule

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The glenohumeral ligament extends from

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the edge of the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle & the anatomical neck of the humerus

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The transverse humeral ligament runs between

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the lesser & the greater tubercles of the humerus

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The glenoid labrum functions

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to deepen the glenoid cavity

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The four major bursae associated with each shoulder joint are

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subscapular, subdeltoid, subacromial, & subcoracoid

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The shoulder joint is capable of a wide range of movement due to

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the looseness of its attachments & the large articular surface of the humerus compared to the shallow depth of the glenoid cavity

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The articulations of the elbow joint are

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a hinge joint between the trochlea of the humerus & the trochlear notch of the ulna & a gliding joint between the capitulum of the humerus & a shallow depression on the head of the radius.

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The ulnar collateral ligament is located

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on the medial wall of the capsule

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The ulnar collateral ligament attaches

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the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial margin of the coronoid process of the ulna; it also attaches the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the olecranon process of the ulna

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The radial collateral ligament is located

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between the lateral epidcondyle of the humerus & the anular ligament of the radius

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The radial collateral ligament strengthens

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the lateral wall of the joint capsule

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Fatty pads of the elbow joint protect

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nonarticular bony areas during joint movements

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The only movements that occur at the elbow joint are

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flexion & extension.

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The hip joint is a

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ball and socket joint

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The hip joint consists of

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the head of the femur & the cup shaped acetabulum

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The acetabular labrum

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is a ring of fibrocartilage & functions to deepen the cavity of the acetabulum

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The major ligaments of the hip joint are

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iliofemoral, pubofemoral, & ischiofemoral

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The iliofemoral ligament attaches

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the anterior inferior iliac spine to the intertrochanteric line

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The pubofemoral ligament extends between

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the superior portion of the pubis & the iliofemoral ligament

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The ischiofemoral ligament connects

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the ischium to the joint capsule

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Muscles surround the

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capsule of the hip joint

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The largest & most complex of the synovial joints is the

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knee joint

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The knee joint consists of the

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medial & lateral condyles at the distal end of the femur & the medial & lateral condyles at the proximal end of the tibia

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The femur articulates with

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the patella anteriorly

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The knee functions as a modified

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hinge joint

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The articulation between the femur & tibia is a ______ joint

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condyloid

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The articulation between the femur & patella is a

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gliding joint

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The knee joint is greatly strengthened by

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ligaments & tendons of several large muscles

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The 5 ligaments of the knee joint are

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patellar, oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal, tibial collateral, & fibular collateral

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The patellar joint extends from

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the margin of the patella to the tibial tuberosity

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The oblique popliteal ligament connects

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the lateral condyle of the femur to the margin of the head of the tibia

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The arcuate popliteal ligament connects

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the lateral condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula

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The tibial collateral ligament connects

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the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia

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The fibular collateral ligament connects

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the lateral condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula

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Two ligaments within the knee joint are called

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cruciate ligaments

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The anterior cruciate ligament connects

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the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the lateral condyle of the femur

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The posterior cruciate ligament connects

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the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur

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Two menisci separate

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the articulating surfaces of the femur & tibia

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Three bursae associated with the knee joint are

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suprapatellar, prepatellar, & infrapatellar.

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Life span changes

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Changes in collagen lie behind joint stiffness The fibrous joints are the first to change

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With aging Synchondroses

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that connect epiphyses to diaphyses in long bones disappear as the skeleton grows

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With aging Ligaments

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lose their elasticity as collagen fibers become more tightly cross linked

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With aging in the intervertebral discs

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less water diminishes the flexibility of the vertebral column & impairs the ability of the discs to absorb shocks

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Loss of function of synovial joints begins

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in the third decade of life.

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With aging fewer capillaries serving the synovial membrane

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slow the circulation of synovial fluid, & the membrane may become infiltrated with fibrous material & cartilage.