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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The classifications of joints.
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Structurally:
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial Functionally: 1. Synarthroses 2. Amphiarthroses 3. Diarthroses |
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Synarthroses.
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Immovable joints.
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Amphiarthroses.
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Slightly movable joints.
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Diarthroses.
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Freely movable joints.
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The types of Fibrous joints.
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1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses 3. Gomphoses |
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Sutures.
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These joints only occur in the skull. Totally immovable in adults.
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Gomphoses.
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This is a peg-in-socket fibrous joint. The onyl example are the human teeth.
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Syndesmoses.
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Fibrous joints held together by ligaments. The amount of movement allowed depends on the length of the ligaments.
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Teeth are _______ joints.
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Gomphoses joint example.
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The two cartilaginous joints.
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1. Synchondrosis
2. Symphysis |
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Synchondrosis.
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A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones. Almost all are immovable.
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The epiphyseal plates in long bones are ________ joints.
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Example of Synchondrosis joint.
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The joint between the first rib and the sternum is a ________ joint.
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Example of synchondrosis joint.
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Symphyses.
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Articular cartilage that is fused into disks.
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Intervertebral disks are _______ joints.
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Symphyses joint example.
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Synovial Joints.
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Joints where articulating bones separated by fluid filled cavities and are freely moving (diarthroses). Most common type of joint in the body, especially in the lower limbs.
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The defining characteristics of synovial joints.
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1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint cavity 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing ligaments |
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Special structures in synovial joints.
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Fatty pads, menisci, bursae, and tendon sheaths.
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Factors that effect the stability of synovial joints.
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1. Articular Surfaces - The shape of the articular surfaces determines movement and stability.
2. The number and positioning of ligaments - The more ligaments, the more stable the joint. 3. Muscle tone - The more muscle tone, the more stable the joint. |
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The types of movement allowed by synovial joints.
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1. Nonaxial
2. Uniaxial 3. Biaxial 4. Multiaxial |
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Nonaxial.
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Slipping movements of synovial joints.
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Uniaxial.
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Movement in one plane of synovial joints.
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Biaxial.
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Movement in two planes of synovial joints.
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Multiaxial.
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Movement in three or more planes of synovial joints.
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The three general classes of movement.
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1. Gliding movement.
2. Angular movement. 3. Rotation. |
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Gliding movement.
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Simplest joint movement when one flat bone surface glides over another either back and forth or side to side.
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Example of gliding movement.
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Joint movement of intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
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The specific joint movements classified under angular movement.
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1. Flexion
2. Extension 3. Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion 4. Abduction 5. Adduction 6. Circumduction |
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Rotation movement.
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The turning of a bone around it's own long axis. May be toward or away from the midline.
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Rotation movement examples.
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Lateral rotation of the thigh is when the anerior thigh surface moves away from the midline.
Medial rotation is when the anterior surface of the thigh moves medially. |
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Angular movement.
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An increase or decrease in the angle between two bones.
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Flexion.
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Bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
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Example of flexion.
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Movement bending the head forward toward the chest, bending the body trunk, or bending the knee from a straight to an angled position.
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Extension.
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The reverse of flexion and occurs at the same joints. It involves movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones.
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Example of extension.
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Movement of straightening a bent forward neck, raising up the bent body trunk, straightening the elbow, or straightening the knee.
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Hyperextension.
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Movement of bending the upper body backward beyond it's straight (up-right) position., or moving the head back beyond the midline.
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Dorsiflexion.
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Movement of lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin.
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Plantar Flexion.
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Movement of depressing the foot and pointing the toes.
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Abduction.
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Moving a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body.
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Example of abduction.
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Raising the arm laterally, or spreading the fingers and toes apart.
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Adduction.
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Movement of bring a limb back torward the body's midline or median plane
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Example of adduction.
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Lowering the arm from the lateral position toward the body.
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Circumduction.
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Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space.
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Example of circumduction.
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Moving the arm in a circle with the shoulder joint stationary. or moving the leg in a circle with the hip joint stationary.
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Name the special movements not in any category.
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1. Supination/Pronation
2. Inversion/Eversion 3. Protraction/Retraction 4. Elevation/Depression 5. Opposition |
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Supination.
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Rotating the forearm laterally so that the palms face anteriorly or superiorly.
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Pronation.
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Rotating the forearm medially so that the palms face posteriorly and inferiorly.
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Inversion.
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When the sole of the foot faces medially.
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Eversion.
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When the sole of the foot faces laterally.
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Protraction.
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When the mandible is jutted outward and forward.
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Retraction.
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When the mandible is moved back inward toward the head.
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Elevation.
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Lifting a body part superiorly.
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Depression.
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Moving an elevated body part inferiorly.
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Example of elevation and depression.
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Shrugging shoulders or chewing movements.
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Opposition.
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The saddle joint between metacarpal 1 and the carpals allows this movement.
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Types of synovial joints.
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1. Plane Joint
2. Hinge Joint 3. Pivot Joint 4. Condyloid Joint 5. Saddle Joint 6. Ball-and-Socket |
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Intercarpal joint.
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Plane joint example.
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Elbow joint.
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Hinge joint example.
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Radioulnar joint.
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Pivot joint example.
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Finger joints.
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Condyloid joint example.
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Thumb joint.
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Saddle joint example.
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Hip and shoulder joints.
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Ball-and-Socket joint example.
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The largest and strongest joint in the body.
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The knee joint.
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The worst type of knee injury.
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Lateral Injury to the knee.
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In a lateral knee injury, these get torn.
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The tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament are torn in this injury to the knee.
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This muscle is important in the shoulder joint.
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The tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle is important for the ______ joint.
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The reason there is more movement in the shoulder joint than the hip joint even though they are the same type.
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1. Articular surfaces.
2. Necks and heads are structurally different. |
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The femur head articulates with the _______ to form the hip joint.
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Acetabulum.
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The most easily dislocated joint in the body.
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The Temporalmandibular joint is the most easily _______ in the body.
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Sprain.
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When ligaments are stratched or torn.
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Dislocation.
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When joint bones are moved out of alignment.
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Bursitis.
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An inflammation of the bursa usually caused by trauma or friction.
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Tendonitis.
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An inflammation of the tendon sheath caused by overuse.
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Arthritis.
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This is a term the encompasses over 100 inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases.
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The most common forms or arthritis.
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1. Osteoarthritis.
2. Rhematoid arthritis. 3. Gouty arthritis. |
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Osteoarthritis.
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Arthritis caused by wear and tear.
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Rhematoid arthritis.
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Chronic inflammatory arthritis that occurs more in women, an autoimmune disease.
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Gouty arthritis.
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Uric acid related arthritis, more common in males.
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