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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are hormones transported to target organ or tissue? Do they go directly to target?
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Distributed throughout body by circulatory system. They are indirect and do not always hit target on first pass.
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How long is the duration of effect of a hormone? Are hormones usually fast acting?
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Tend to have slow onset, but long-lasting effect(may take several minutes to hours to take effect and may last minutes, hours, or days)
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What causes a target organ for a hormone to be affected after the hormone is no longer present?
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Physiological change or response can remain after hormone has left. (Its obvious that hormones being present also cause the prolonged effect)
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Give some types of hormones. (Three mentioned in class)
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-Modified amino acids
- Steroid hormone -Peptide chains |
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Adrenaline (Epinephrine), Epinephrine and thyroid hormones called T3 and T4 are all examples of ____(1) hormones.
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Modified Amino Acids hormones
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Lipids, and structures based on cholesterol are examples of _____(1) hormones.
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Steroid hormones.
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_______(1) hormones have less than 20 amino acids while _____(2) hormones have more than 20.
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(1) Peptide chain hormones
(2) Protein hormones |
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Hard:
How does peptide hormone cause a response in target cell(mechanism)? What actions do receptor molecules have?(Three mentioned in class) |
Peptide hormones bind to receptor molecule on target cell surface.
-Actions: 1. Open or close ion channels(ionotropic) 2. Receptor can activate a G-protein (part of second messenger system) 3. Receptor itself can be an enzyme that is activated or deactivated by the hormone. |
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If this hormone reaches target these actions occur. What TYPE of hormone is this?
1. Open or close ion channels(ionotropic) 2. Receptor can activate a G-protein (part of second messenger system) 3. Receptor itself can be an enzyme that is activated or deactivated by the hormone. |
Peptide hormone
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How do steroid hormone cause a response in target cell(mechanism)?
What actions do steroid hormones have on cell? |
Steroid hormones are surrounded by nonpolar pockets of fats coated with protein (chylomicrons) that diffuse into cell through membrane. Act directly on chromosomes and affect gene expression.
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This TYPE hormone effects gene expression.
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Steroid hormone.
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How do Modified amino acids cause a response in target cell? Since there is more than one way, give examples of Modified AA hormones and how they act on cell.
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-Modified aa like epinephrine act like peptide hormone, reacting with cell surface receptors.
-Modified amino acids like T3 and T4 from thyrod acts like steroid, diffusing into cell and modifying gene expression. |
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Gastrin uses slow (+,-) feedback
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slow positive(+) feedback.
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positive or negative feedback?
-used to hold condition constant, when condition changes, causes response in opposite direction. |
Negative feedback
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positive or negative feedback?
-Not used to hold conditions constant, feedback system that senses changes and responds in same direction as change. (snowball effect) |
Positive Feeback
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How are hormones transported to target organ or tissue? Do they go directly to target?
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Distributed throughout body by circulatory system. They are indirect and do not always hit target on first pass.
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How long is the duration of effect of a hormone? Are hormones usually fast acting?
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Tend to have slow onset, but long-lasting effect(may take several minutes to hours to take effect and may last minutes, hours, or days)
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What causes a target organ for a hormone to be affected after the hormone is no longer present?
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Physiological change or response can remain after hormone has left. (Its obvious that hormones being present also cause the prolonged effect)
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Give some types of hormones. (Three mentioned in class)
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-Modified amino acids
- Steroid hormone -Peptide chains |
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Adrenaline (Epinephrine), and thyroid hormones called T3 and T4 are all examples of ____(1) hormones.
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Modified Amino Acids hormones
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Lipids, and structures based on cholesterol are examples of _____(1) hormones.
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Steroid hormones.
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_______(1) hormones have less than 20 amino acids while _____(2) hormones have more than 20.
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(1) Peptide chain hormones
(2) Protein hormones |
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Hard:
How does peptide hormone cause a response in target cell(mechanism)? What actions do receptor molecules have?(Three mentioned in class) |
Peptide hormones bind to receptor molecule on target cell surface.
-Actions: 1. Open or close ion channels(ionotropic) 2. Receptor can activate a G-protein (part of second messenger system) 3. Receptor itself can be an enzyme that is activated or deactivated by the hormone. |
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If this hormone reaches target these actions occur. What TYPE of hormone is this?
1. Open or close ion channels(ionotropic) 2. Receptor can activate a G-protein (part of second messenger system) 3. Receptor itself can be an enzyme that is activated or deactivated by the hormone. |
Peptide hormone
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How does steroid hormone cause a response in target cell(mechanism)?
What actions do steroid hormones have on cell? |
Steroid hormones are surrounded by nonpolar pockets of fats coated with protein (chylomicrons) that diffuse into cell through membrane. Act directly on chromosomes and effect gene expression.
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This TYPE hormone effects gene expression.
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Steroid hormone.
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How do Modified amino acids cause a response in target cell? Since there is more than one way, give examples of Modified AA hormones and how they act on cell.
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-Modified aa like epinephrine act like peptide hormone, reacting with cell surface receptors.
-Modified amino acids like T3 and T4 from thyroid acts like steroid, diffusing into cell and modifying gene expression. |
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Gastrin uses slow (+,-) feedback
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slow positive(+) feedback.
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positive or negative feedback?
-used to hold condition constant, when condition changes, causes response in opposite direction. |
Negative feedback
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positive or negative feedback?
-Not used to hold conditions constant, feedback system that senses changes and responds in same direction as change. (snowball effect) |
Positive Feeback
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How does a gland express a 'single' feedback loop.
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When Positive or negative feedback of a hormone affects the control mechanism(like the gland releasing the hormone.)
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gland A* secretes hormone a*. Hormone a* causes another gland B* to secrete hormone b*. Hormone b* (whether it is a + or - response) can effect hormone secretion of Gland A*. This is an example of what kind of feedback loop?
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Nested Feedback loop.
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Give an example of 'neural control' and how it stimulates hormone release.(use epinephrine in example)
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A neural control would involve an action potential from nervous system acting on gland that releases epinephrine.
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When Hormones from nervous system trigger a different hormone to be released this is called ______(1) control.
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(1)Indirect neural control
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If a brain hormone causes a growth hormone to be secreted which causes a thyroid hormone to be secreted, this is an example of ______ neural control(1).
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Indirect neural control
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How can conditions in body trigger hormone release?
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UNCOUPLED from nervous system, hormones respond to concentration of chemicals in the blood like insulin and glucagon. (i.e. secreting gastrin in dig. system.)
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What are three ways stimuli trigger hormone release?
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-Neural control
-Indirect neural control -Conditions in body |
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What is the main fuel that humans receive from Carbohydrates.
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Glucose, can be used by any cell.
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The liver can convert glucose into ___(1).
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(1) Glycogen- a polysaccharide
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Glycogen is stored in what two location?
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Liver and muscles for storage.
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__(1) is main storage molecule (highest energy content/gram). Moves into blood as chylomicrons (lipoprotein particles)
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Fat
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What are three main food molecules used in metabolism for energy?
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-Carbohydrates
-Proteins -Fats |
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These are energy for muscles. Deamination is source of urea.
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Proteins
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Protein converted to _____(1)in liver
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Triglycerides or fat.
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When nutrients are coming into blood from gut, this is the _____(1) state.
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(1) Absorptive state
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When is body in absorptive state?
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When nutrients are coming into blood from gut.
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Condition in body between meals, when nothing is being absorbed into blood is the _____(1)
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(1) Postabsorptive state
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why is Changing energy states (Absorptive and Postabsorptive) of body important for brain and how could it cause osmotic problems? (Use glucose to explain both)
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-Brain only uses glucose for cell respiration, a large decrease in blood glucose is avoided.
-Osmotic problems can be caused if sugar concentration is too high. |
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If sugar concentration gets too high what problems could this cause? (Include Sodium and water)
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If sugar conc. gets too high, sodium pumped out but glucose concentration interferes with reabsorption of water in kidneys, causing diuresis and diarrhea.
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The ___(1) state reduces glucose concentration while the ____(2) state wants to increase glucose concentration.
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(1) Absorptive State
(2)Postabsorptive state |
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In absorptive state as [glucose] increases, the pancreas secretes _____(1).
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Insulin
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Islets of Langerhans detects blood _____(1) and secretes ____(2) if _____(1) is high and _____(3) if ____(1) is low.
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(1) Glucose concentration
(2) Insulin (3) Glucagon |
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What does insulin reduce in blood?
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Reduces blood glucose.
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In the _____(1) state, when glucose levels are dropping, the ____(2) detect glucose concentration and release ____(3)
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(1) Postabsorptive
(2) islets of langerhans (on Pancreas) (3) Glucagon |
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In absorptive state, insulin acts on...(Three things mentioned in class)
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-Liver
-Muscle -Adipose tissue |
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Insulin causes to liver to absorb ____(1) which is then converted to glycogen for energy storage and triglycerides.
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(1) Glucose
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Which hormone Causes liver to absorb glucose, which is then converted to glycogen for storage and triglycerides?
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Insulin
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Triglycerides are sent to ___(1) where fat is stored.
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(1) Adipose tissue
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How does insulin effect muscles?
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Causes muscle to use glucose from blood in cell respiration, store glycogen, and absorb aa for protein synthesis.
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This hormone Causes muscle to use glucose form blood in cell respiration, store glycogen, and absorb aa for protein synthesis.
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Insulin
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What effect does insulin have on fat cells?
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Causes fat cells(adipose tissue) to take up triglycerides from the liver. Fat cells also take up glucose and convert to fatty acids.
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This hormone Causes fat cells(adipose tissue) to take up triglycerides from the liver. The fat cells also take up glucose and convert to fatty acids.
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Insulin
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this hormone is an antagonist of insulin...
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glucagon
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What organ secretes glucagon?
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Pancreas
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Glucagon acts in _____(1) state and the ___organ_(2) is the main effectee.
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(1) Postabsorptive state
(2) Liver |
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In postabsorptive state, glycogen is converted back to glucose and secreted in blood(gluconeogenesis). Also, fatty acids are converted into ketone bodies, which can be used for energy. What hormone does this?
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Glucagon
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