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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What 5 viruses have been known to cause cancer?
1. Papillomavirus
2. Hep B
3. Epstein-Barr Virus
4. HTLV-1
5. HIV-1, HHV8
What are the steps of tumorigenesis?
1. Tumor supressor gene (APC) is lost from a normal epithelial cell
2. excessive proliferation
3. oncogene (RAS) is activated which leads to a small benign tumor
4. tumor suppressor gene (DCC) is lost which leads to a large tumor
5. tumor suppressor gene (p53) is lost which leads to an invasive tumor
6. rapid accumulation of mutations
7. metastasis
What cancer does Papillomavirus lead to?
cervical cancer
What cancer does Hep B lead to?
liver cancer
What cancer does Epstein-Barr virus lead to?
Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and B-cell lymphoproliferative disease
What cancer does HTLV-1 lead to?
Adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
What cancer does HIV-1 and HHV8 lead to?
Kaposi's sarcoma
What is immune surveillance?
ongoing detection of possible cancer cells as they form by detecting signs:
1. tumor-specific antigens displayed on MHC-1
2. embryonic genes that should not be displayed are displayed on MHC-1
3. over expression of normal self protein on MHC-1
What are the two categories of tumor antigens?
1. tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTAs) - exclusively expressed on tumor cells
2. tumor-associated transplantation (TATAs) - displayed on both normal and tumor cells, but often excessively on tumor cells
What are CT antigens?
cancer/testis antigens that should not be expressed by any other tissue than testis, ovary, or trophoblast but will also be expressed by cancer forming cells, which is a sign!
What four cell types of the immune system are responsible for responding to tumor cells?
1. CTLs
2. macrophages
3. NK cells
4. antibodies
How do macrophages aid in tumor response?
respond to IFN-gamma secreted by TH1 and macrophage secrete TNF which induces thrombosis in tumor vessels
How do NK cells aid in tumor response?
tumorcidal especially in cells with some specific quality:
1. reduced MHC-1 expression reduces MHC:KIR inhibitory signals
2. MICA, MICB stress signal expression on tumor cell attach to KAR receptor on NK cell and activates

KAR = killer activation receptors
How do antibodies aid in tumor response?
activate complement and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
How do CTLs aid in tumor response?
CD8+ CTL survey by recognizing tumor antigen on MHC-1

CD4+ helpers produce cytokines TNF, IFN-gamma that stimulate CTL development and up-regulate HMC on target tumor cells
What three cytokines have anti-tumor activity, and what are their functions?
IFN-gamma - reduce MHC I
TNF-alpha - reduce MHC I, induce necrosis
TNF-beta - reduce MHC I, induce necrosis
What 7 ways can tumor cells evade the immune system?
1. MHC downregulation to avoid CTL detection
2. lack of co-stimulatory molecules that are needed for activate CTLs
3. rapid mutation that changes display of recognizable Ag
4. TGF-beta inhibits function of macrophage and lymphocytes
5. Fas ligand is expressed by some tumors that induces apoptosis on lymphocytes
6. sialic acid may mask tumor Ags
7. MIC proteins are cleaved from tumor surface, bound and engulfed by NK cells which means that there are less MIC receptors on NK surfaces
What are the clinical markers of Lung Cancer?
CA125, CEA
What are the clinical markers of liver cancer?
AFP
What are the clinical markers of breast cancer?
CA125, CEA, HER2
What are the clinical markers of pancrease cancer?
CA125, CEA
What are the clinical markers of colon cancer?
CEA
What are the clinical markers of ovary cancer?
CA125, CEA
What are the clinical markers of Testicular cancer?
AFP, HCG
What are the clinical markers of prostate cancer?
PSA
What cancers are detected by the CA125 clinical marker?
lung
breast
pancreas
ovary
What cancers are detected by the CEA clinical marker?
ovary
colon
pancreas
breast
lung
What cancers are detected by the HER2 clinical marker?
breast
What cancers are detected by the AFP clinical marker?
liver
testicular
What cancers are detected by the HCG clinical marker?
testicular
What two main cytokines are used in cytokine therapy to combat tumors?
IFN
IL-2
What methods other than cytokine therapy are used in tumor immunotherapy?
1. tumor cell/Ag vaccination
2. administration of altered tumor cells that have high levels of activation co-stimulators for lymphocytes
3. anti-tumor Ab
4. immunotoxins which are Ab conjugated with toxic drugs or radionuclides
5. culture and inject additional T and NK cells from/to host
What two types of cancer are being vaccinated against?
HPV caused cervical cancer by Guardasil
HBV caused liver cancer
When should Guardasil be administered?
before age of sexual activity (11-12 y/o)
2 mos later
6 mos from first
What types of HPV does Guardasil prevent?
6
11
16
18
What new treatments are up and coming for Tumor Antigen Vaccines?
1. GloboH
2. Neu
3. Mutated RAS