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11 Cards in this Set

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Explain metabolic homeostasis and describe the mechanisms involved in the inter-tissue integration required for metabolic homeostasis.
Metabolic homeostasis is the balancing of energy intake and energy output.
Intrinsic control regulates cellular metabolism according to the cell's needs suc as maintenance of ATP.
Extrinsic control involves integrated processes between different cells such as insulin and glucagon.
Short term regulation is by allosteric end-product feedback, substrate supply and covalent modification (phosphorylation, proteolysis.
Long term regulation alters the rates of protein synthesis and degradation.
Explain the special role of glucose in metabolic homeostasis.
It is the main substrate for the energy regulation pathways in homeostasis - both food storage and mobilization. As it is water soluble, it is able to move freely throughout the body in the blood.
Describe the roles of epinephrine in regulation of fuel metabolism
Epinephrine & norepinephrine work directly on the liver, adipose tissue, muscle and pancreas. Epinephrine is an antagonist to Insulin. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that affecs the sympathetic nervous system.
Outline the metabolic changes that occur during the fed state
↑ Insulin:glucagon ratio: ↑ AA uptake & protein synthesis in liver, muscle and adipose tissue
↑ Fat absorption ↑ chylomicron production & secretion
Chylomicrons are degraded by insulin-dependent LPLases
Fatty acids are stored as TAG in adipocytes, used as fuel in muscles
VLDL synthesis ↑ in the liver
Describe the long-term effects triggered by enzyme inducation as a consequence of the elevation of hormone levels.
X
Outline the major metabolic changes that occur in prolonged starvation.
X
How is cortisol synthesized.
The hypothalmus releases CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone) in response to severe stress. CRH tells the ant. pituitary to secrete adrenocorticoptrophic hormone (ACTH or corcicotropin) - the stress hormone. The adrenal cortex synthesizes & secretes glucocorticoid = cortisol.
What does cortisol mediate?
Increased gluconeogenesis.
Anti-inflammatory respons
Muscle protein catabolism
Chronic effects on lipolysis
Insulin resistance

Chronic stress is characterised by glycogenolysis and insulin resistance, leading to a hyperglycemic state.
Outline the metabolic changes that occur during the fasted state
↓ insulin:glucagon ratio
Glucose released into blood from liver (70% glycogenolysis, 30% gluconeogenesis)
Describe the metabolic effects immediately following a meal
Blood glucose levels peak at 30-60 mins
Pancreas secretes insuling in respons
Insulin ↑ glucose uptake in extrahepatic tissue
Liver and muscle glycogenesis
Liver removes chylomicron remnants (LRP & ApoE/B-100)
Hepatic lipgenesis