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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vioxx
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recalled due to cardiovascular complications
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benefits of oral contraceptives?
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decreased risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer
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risks of oral contraceptives
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1) venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism
2) CVD, ischemic stroke (increased w/smoking) 3) hepatic adenomas |
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why are estrogen and progestin used in combination?
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with unopposed estrogen treatment, there is an increase in endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
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risk of hormone replacement therapy in women (estrogen and progestin)
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1) breast cancer
2) same as oral contraceptives 3) myocardial infarcs 4) gallbaldder disease |
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acetaminophen toxicity causes what symptoms?
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GI toxin: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatic necrosis with ALT and AST elevations (because serious overdosage affects liver)
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aspirin/acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) acute toxicity signs?
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respiratory alkalosis followed by metabolic acidosis
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aspirin/acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) chronic toxicity signs?
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> 3g/day
ulcers, seizures, coma, GI issues, CNS issues |
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why are there issues with bleeding and aspirin?
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aspirin is an irreversible inhibitory agent against platelet cyclooxygenase
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carbon monoxide is produced by?
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burning gas, oil, coal, wood, natural gas
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danger of carbon monoxide?
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odorless and colorless
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early sign of CO poisoning?
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cherry red skin
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symptoms of CO poisoning?
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headache, dizziness, impaired motor control, coma -> death
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action of CO poisoning?
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binding hemoglobin with higher affinity than oxygen
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source of radon?
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natural decay product of uranium
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radon relative to lung cancer?
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second biggest cause of lung cancer
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aliphatic hydrocarbon source?
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solvents, dry cleaning agents
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what causes lead poisoning?
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high affinity for sulfhydryl groups so competes with Ca ions
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two problematic volatile organic compounds found in industrial settings and are poisonous?
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aliphatic hydrocarbons - carcinogenic, CNS depression, nausea
aromatic hydrocarbons - leukemia, aplastic anemia |
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how is lead introduced to the body and why is it problematic?
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inhaltion, ingestion, t1/2 = 30 years, 80 - 85% of absorbed lead is taken up by bones in children
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area of effects of lead exposure
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brain, blood, nerves, kidney, gi, bones
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what cancer is caused by arsenic and where is it found?
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skin cancer - squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma
lung and liver cancer found in herbicides |
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what problems are caused by oranocholines (DDT) and where is it found?
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easily absorbed through skin, GI, lungs, so causes neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity
found in herbicides |
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what problems are caused by organophosphates and where is it found?
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absorbed through skin, GI, lungs, irreversibly inhibits cholinesterase
symptoms: DUMBELS - diaphoresis, diarrhea, urination, miosis, bradycardia, bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, emesis, lacrimation, salivation fluids come out of their body everywhere, highly neurotoxic found in herbicides |
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tx of organophosphate toxicity?
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atropine, 2-PAM
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what are the two types of radiation injury?
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1) ionization - short wavelength, high frequency - x-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays
2) nonionizing - long wavelength, low frequency - electricity, microwaves, UV, infrared |
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what causes the carcinogenic properties of ionizing radiation?
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alters DNA structure, whereas nonionizing does not
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Gray (gy)
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a dosage unit of ionizing radiation.
> 10 Gy -> necrosis > 1-2 Gy -> kills proliferating cells < 1 Gy -> DNA damage |
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how much Gy does radiation therapy push?
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30 to 70 Gy
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abrasion
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superficial epidermal injury. skin is rubbed away
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laceration
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deeper skin injury from blunt trauma. tissue bridging differentiates from incised wound
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contusion
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bruise, blood vessel damaged after injury, skin is still intact
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how do you qualify a thermal burn?
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1) depth of burn (skin layers involved)
2) %BSA (body surface area) involved 3) internal injuries from inhalation |
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what are the 2 types of thermal burn layers quality?
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1) full thickness - epidermis and dermis is lost
2) partial thickness - at least deep portions of the dermis is maintained |
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what is the rule of nines?
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this is a percentage of sections of the body used to determine %BSA in a burn victim.
ex: front chest = 9% front abdomen = 9% groin = 1% |
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what is frostbite
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long term constriction caused by body keeping core warm rather than preserve apendages that will cause ischemia
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how are 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree burns qualified?
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1st - epidermis
2nd - part of dermis 3rd - all of dermis and epidermis |
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cycad flour
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phytotoxin containing cycasin that may produce ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) if injested
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aflatoxin B1
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produced by fungus that can cause heptocellular carcinoma
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ciguatoxin
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occurs in tropical fish after they ingest dinoflagellates. humans ingest fish, results in paresthesias, paresis, vomiting, diarrhea
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gunshot wounds
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long range - clean shot
short range - see black discoloration because of smoke, gunpowder, heat |
