Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
extravasation (5 steps)
|
1) CXCL8 cytokine expressed by macrophages is a chemoattractant
2) neutrophils in bloodstream are attracted to signal 3) E-selectin is expressed on vessel epithelium near site of extravasation. E-selectin attaches to s-Lex chains on neutrophils to slow them down. 4) I-CAM on epithelial cells binds the LFA-1 and CR3 on neutrophil TIGHTLY and neutrophils adhere to and squeeze through vessel walls via diapodesis. 5) once they extravasize, neutrophils follow CXCL8 and IL-8 bread crumbs to tissue site of infection |
|
|
what is the point of inflammation?
|
cytokines create inflammatory responses for 4 reasons:
1) calor (heat) 2) dolar (pain) 3) rubor (redness) 4) tumor (swelling) |
|
|
what is a rare autosomal recesive defect which causes the absence of CD18 which many integrins use? it decreases extravasation to nill and serum WBC is very high, but nill in tissue.
|
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
|
|
|
Signs of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
|
1) neonatal umbilicus infections
2) recurrent bacterial infections 3) high WBC serum levels |
|
|
NK cells
|
recruited by neutrophil cytokines. NK cells make TONS OF CYTOKINES to recruit many more agents. NK cells release perforins and granzyme (B) to induce apoptosis.
|
|
|
What prevents NK cells from killing good cells?
|
good cells express a ligand on their surface that interacts with an inhibitory receptor on NK cells.
|
|
|
How do we transition from innate to adaptive immune response/how is the adaptive immune response triggered?
|
activated by
1)cytokines that active lymphocytes, 2)APCs that present to secondary lymph tissue like dendritic cells and macrophages 3) B and T cells mobilize from secondary lymph tissue |
|
|
What are integrins?
|
remember 4) I-CAM on epithelial cells binds the LFA-1 and CR3 on neutrophil TIGHTLY and neutrophils adhere to and squeeze through vessel walls via diapodesis. well, LFA-1 and CR3 are integrins.
|
|
|
What is a pyrogen?
|
a fever inducing substance
|
|
|
What are the three endogenous pyrogens?
|
IL-1
IL-6 TNF-alpha |
|
|
Why is it important to induce fever?
|
1) slows down bacterial and viral replication
2) Ag processing is enhanced 3) adaptive immunity is enhanced 4) human cells are protected agains TNF-alpha |
|
|
What is the acute-phase response?
|
increase of immunologically sensitive cells to the acute (initial) inflammatory effects of an infection
|
|
|
What are the steps of the acute-phase response?
|
1) IL-6 encourages the liver to make C-reactive proteins (opsonins and complement activator) and mannose-binding lectin (opsonin and compliment activation)
|
|
|
What are opsonins, generally?
|
a molecule that binds the outside of Ag to enhance phagocytosis. they interface with phagocyte opsonin receptors. she calls these relish on the outside of cells.
|
|
|
What are some examples of opsonins?
|
1)antibodies IgA and IgG
2) C3b 3) surfactant 4) MBL (mannose-binding lectin) 5) C-reactive protein |
