0014 Praxis Language Arts

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the use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later

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foreshadowing

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comparison of two unlike things using the verb "to be" and not using like or as as in a simile

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metaphor

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exaggeration or overstatement

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hyperbole

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is giving human qualities to animals or objects

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personification

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using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning

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symbol

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language that evokes one or all of the five senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching

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image

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the repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words

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alliteration

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a word that imitates the sound it represents

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onomatopoeia

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rhyming within a line

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internal rhyme

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putting two contradictory words together

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oxymoron

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the attitude a writer takes towards a subject or character: serious, humorous, sarcastic, ironic. similar to mood.

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tone

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a unified group of lines in poetry

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stanza

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the repetition of vowel sounds but not consonant sounds as in consonance

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assonance

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rhymed words at the ends of lines

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rhyme scheme

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an implied discrepancy between what is said and what is meant

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irony

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when an author says one thing and means something else

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verbal irony

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when an audience perceives something that a character in the literature does not know

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dramatic irony

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discrepancy between the expected result and actual result

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irony of situation

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the comparison of two pairs which have the same relationship. The key is to ascertain the relationship between the first so you can choose the correct second pair. Part to whole, opposites, results of are types of relationships you should find.

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analogy

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a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself

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allegory

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an implied meaning of a word

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connotation

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reveals a kind of truth which at first seems contradictory

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paradox

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a literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, often with the intent of correcting, or changing, the subject of the satiric attack

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satire

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humorous nonsense verse consisting of a triplet and couplet, making it a five line poem. lines 1, 2, & 5 are triplet and rhyme. Lines 3 & 4 form a rhymng couplet

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limerick

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a three lined Japanese poem about nature. limit on syllables. line 1 has 5, line 2 has 7 and line 3 has 5.

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haiku

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a type of poetry with three four line stanzas followed by a two line stanza called a couplet that rhymes

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sonnet

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poetry that is written material freed from paragraph form and has rhythm but no rhyme

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free verse

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pointing to something from literature or history to express your point

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allusion

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a literary or cinematic genre in which fantasy, typically based on speculative scientific discoveries or developments, environmental changes, space travel, or life on other planets, forms part of the plot or background

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science fiction

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a usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like human

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fable

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a traditional, typically ancient story dealing with supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes that serves as a fundamental type in the worldview of a people, as by explaing aspects of the natural world or delineating the psychology, customs, or ideals of society

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myth

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a unverified story handed down from earlier times, especially one popularly believed to be historical

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legend

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a story or legend forming part of an oral tradition

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folk tale

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a work of fiction, a drama, or a film dealing with a puzzling crime

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mystery

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an account of a person's life written, composed, or produced by another

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biography

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an annual publication including calendars with weather forecasts, astronomical information, tide tables, and other related tabular information

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almanac

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a book or bound collection of maps, sometimes with supplementary illustrations and graphic analysis

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atlas

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search the internet using significant or descriptive words

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keyword search

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a collection of data arranged for ease and speed of search and retrievel

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database

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a form of electronic messaging in which addressed messages or files are entered by users into a computer

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bulletin board

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the part of speech that is used to name a person, thing, quality, or action and can function as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or an appositive

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noun

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a noun belonging to the class of words used as names for unique individuals, events, or places

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proper noun

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a noun, such as a book or dog, that can be preceded by the definite article and that represents one or all of the members of a class

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common noun

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a noun that denotes a collection of persons or things regarded as a unit

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collective noun

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the part of speech that substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and designates persons or things asked for, previously specified, or understood from the context

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pronoun

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the part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence in most languages

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verb

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the part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying and distinguishing in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, such as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically by position directly preceding a noun or nominal phrase

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adjective

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the part of speech that modifies a verb, adjective

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adverb

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a word or phrase placed typically before a substantive and indicating the relation of that substantive and indicating the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, with, from, and in regard to

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preposition

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the part of speech that serves to connect word, phrases, clauses, or sentences

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conjunction

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a sequence of words intending to have meaning

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phrase

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an appositive is a re-naming or amplification of a word that immediately precedes it

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appositive phrase

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used to express or command

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imperative

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contains only one clause

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simple

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consist of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunction

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compound

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contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

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complex

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when a coordinating conjunction joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentences

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compound-complex

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one of two more words that have the same sound and often the same spelling but differ in meaning

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homonyms