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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Presidents from 1904
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1904 -Theodore Roosevelt 1908 - Taft 1912 - Woodrow Wilson 1920 - Harding 1923 - Coolidge 1924 - Coolidge 1928 - Hoover 1932 - FDR 1945 - Truman
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What contributed to the rise of American economy?
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Mass immigration- increase in man power led to the labour force growing. Technology- mechanisations of industry. Rise of Big Businesses- Businessmen such as Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Rockefeller and J.P Morgan contributed to the growth of US economy.
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What was the Sherman Anti-trust Act?
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Aimed at preventing price-fixing and unfair competition by big monopolies.
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How did big businesses impact politics?
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Big businesses had a massive political impact. - Industrialisation made the USA a more urban society and created a new elite of wealthy barons. Those men were then able to gain direct political influence, especially within the Republican Party.
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What do populists and progressivists believe in?
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Blame big businesses for the evils. Populism was mostly an anti-urban movement hostile to big businesses and central government. -Progressivists believed in government intervention. They wanted to protect people's rights against corruption and to fight agains the evils of industrialisation. 1912: Bull Moose Progressive Party formed for Theodore Roosevelt when he ran against traditional Republicans.
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What is the Monroe Doctrine?
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Formed in 1823, based on defensive mindset. Traditional American hostility to European interference. 1904: Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - states that the USA has the right to interfere in Latin America.
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What is the Platt Amendment?
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1901 - claimed to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. Permitted American involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs. Was repealed in 1934.
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Why did America not want to enter WW1?
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War started in Europe in 1914 - America claimed neutrality for the following reasons: -Traditional attitudes of isolationism and neutrality. - US has no standing army, there was a deep root resistance against the idea of a large national army. -Anti-imperialist ideas. -Anti-colonial ideas. -Resentment of the British Naval Blockade. -Dislike of European powers among immigration communities.
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Why the America enter WW1?
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1914 - German invasion of Belgium led to anti-German feelings. 1915 - Sinking of the Lusitania created a storm of protest against Germany. 1916 - Report revealed that Britain couldn't carry on unless the USA joined. 1917 - Downfall of Russian revolution and Tsar meant joining the allies would be a fight for democracy. 1917 - Zimmermann telegram. Germany wanted to propose an alliance with Mexico agains US, intercepted by British intelligence and passed to Washington. The German decision to tempt Mexico into the war led directly to the USA declaring war on Germany in April 1917.
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What were Wilson's 14 points?
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Principle to provide the basis for peace after the First World War. Intended to provide the peace settlement when the was was won. Points were an expression of 'Wilsonian Idealism'.
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What was the national mood of America after the war?
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Beginning of 1918 Wilson seen as the most famous man in the world. When Wilson returned home after the war, there was a change in the national mood:Isolationism. Due to: -War weariness. -Domestic Political Issues. Woodrow Wilson's ideas and policies rejected in 1920. 1920: Republicans (Harding) win election after promise of 'normalcy'. Giving international complications low priority.
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What Acts were introduced to prevent Mass Immigration?
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1917:Literacy test 1917:Espionage Act- motivated by fear of disloyalty from American citizens who had recently immigrated from parts of Europe. 1918:Sedition Act - extended the provisions of the Espionage Act allowed government to check items sent by mail. 1921:Emergency Quota Act - numerical limits on inward migration. Quotas set on number of people from any country in the 1910 census. 1924: National Origins (Quota) Act, changed rules so that numbers would be calculated at 2% if the 1890 census.
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What was the Red Scare?
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1919-1929: End of WW1 and linked to Anti-Foreigner attitudes. Anti-Communist hysteria few out of genuine fears about communist revolution spreading from Russia and post-war Europe.
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What were the Palmer Raids?
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Mitchell Palmer- a Key figure in the campaign to root out communists and nationals. 1918-bombs sent in packages through postal survey, ones sent to Palmer exploded. Caused a public outcry against anarchists and suspicious foreigners.
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What was Prohibition?
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Changes social and political attitudes after WW1 allowed supporters of prohibition to achieve their goal. -Volstead Act passed in 1919, 18th Amendment . A social experiment that tried to use the lower of law I improve behaviour of all citizens. -Was widely ignored and illegal drinking continued. Corruption among public officials and the police, prohibition did more for the rise of organised crime than any other factor.
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Rise of the ku Klux Klan
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Key factor in the changing attitudes within the USA during the years after the war was the revival of the KKK. -Formed in 1865:White Supremacy, WASP. Revival:1915-Birth of a Nation.
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How many members were in the KKK in 1920?
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4 million members by 1920.
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Why did the Klan go into a decline?
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-Grand dragon of Indiana accused of Rape and Manslaughter. -Divisions about tactics amongst clan leaders. -Many politicians that supported them were opportunistic, quick to dissociate themselves when public opinion turned against the KKK.
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Prosperity in the 1920s
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From 1920, the US experiences a decade if prosperity. -steady work, low prices, higher real wages, access to vast consumer goods. Changes in society: Modernisation and technological innovation.
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Who was Henry Ford?
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Introduced Model T, first cheap mass-produced car. symbol of social revolution, Assembly line, availability of Credit.
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Factors underpinning the 1920s boom
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-Political- Republican presidents between 1921 and 1929, Harding and Coolidge favoured big businesses. -Natural Resources. -Mobilisation : war time economy increased efficiencies and simulated both manufacturing and agriculture. -Modernisation of managements, assembly line to produce cars. -Oil used to produce electricity. -Easy Credit.Money was cheap and borrowing easy.
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Groups that didn't prosper
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-older, staple industries didn't prosper:Railways,cotton textiles. - Demand of skilled labor reduced, mechanisation low rated of pay. -Farmers.
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Factors that caused the decline
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-Dislocation after the War -Overproduction, due to mechanisation and new techniques meant more could be produced by fewer workers.
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Laws passed to help Agriculture?
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-Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922. -Agricultural Credits Act 1923:low interest loans
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Growth of organised Crime
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Organised time enters a new phase in the 1920s. Huge industry opened up illegal monopolies. Prohibition- key factor, produces ideal conditions for organised crime to grow and gain respectability and acceptance. Al Capone - By 1929 was the most dominant figure. Organised crime by the end of 1920s was the most figure.
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When did the Wall Street Crash happen?
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October 1929
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What was the Wall Street Crash?
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The Wall Street Crash was one of the turning points of the 20th Century. The paper value of stocks lost was $26 billion. Financial boom and the availability of easy credit led to a Great Bull Market. Stock prices doubles between 1926 and 1929.
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What factors led to the Wall Street Crash?
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-Lack of government regulation: pro-business, laissez-faire. -Overconfidence- boom of 1929s seemed unstoppable, feelings of prosperity and confidence in the rising market drowned out any warnings. -Too many shares brought 'on the margin'.
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What was the unemployment rate in 1933?
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Almost 25% in 1933.
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Short term causes of the Great Depression
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- ending of the construction boom of the 1920s in 1928. -great boom in car ownership slowed sharply, by 1929 those that could afford cars already had one. -Impact of the Wall Street Crash: affected business confidence, caused problems for industries and the banking sector, slowed down consumer spending and damaged production.
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What did Hoover do?
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By 1932, Hoover was widely ridiculed by Americans who felt he wasn't doing anything. Hoover was an 'innocent bystander', didn't use government intervention as much. His approach was to leave businesses to sort itself out. Criticised for doing too little too late.
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What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act?
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Passed in 1930, pushed import duties to high levels- did little to help farmers and had harmful impact on international trade. Hoover was urged to stop the law using his veto but he didn't, seen as his biggest mistake.
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What was the Revenue Act?
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Passed in 1932, increased taxes on businesses and corporations- did not aid recovery because it slowed down consumer spending.
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What was the Bonus March?
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1932, army veterans approximately 15,000 demanded an increase in the bonus payments veterans had been receiving. Violent clash between the bonus army and federal troops sent to evict them. Damaged Hoovers image.
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When was the depression starting to get worse?
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Depression from 1929 didn't become the Great Depression until the middle of 1931. During 1932 - Depression was facing it's lowest depths. There was mass unemployment, bank and business failures, farm bankruptcies and low login standards. -Public mood was low and as the 1932 elections approached it was guaranteed a democrat would win - FDR.
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When did FDR become president?
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1932, began the longest presidency in American history.
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Transition from Hoover to FDR
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Took office in March 1933. During the first months of 1933 FDR waited and watched, meanwhile banking crisis it worse.unemployment rose even higher and the farm crisis deepened.
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What was the New Deal?
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Not much more than a loose collection of general principles. Brought to action in 1933 (First New Deal). Some argue it was a bunch of ideas made up as FDR went along however others claim it was the New Deal that took America out if the depression. Some also claim that it was just luck and that recover would've happened anyway.
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Opposition to the New Deal?
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- Within the Democrat Party. - Conservative businessmen. - Farmers and workers. - Congress. New Deal ran in trouble with the Supreme Court, aspects of FDRs policies were deemed unconstitutional.
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When did the first 100 days start?
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1933 March- June
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What was the Emergency Banking Act?
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Enforced a bank holiday that lasted 4 days, in FDRs fireside chats Americans were promised that their savings would be safe in banks.
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What was the purpose of the 100 days?
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The 100 days were a rush of cations designed to make maximum impact in the shortest time possible.
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What were the aims of the New Deal?
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-Relief and Recovery -Reform and regulation
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What was relief and recovery?
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Relief and Recovery: these agencies were designed to create work for the unemployed and stimulate economic recovery, the main relief schemes were: -Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA): 1933 provided farmers with subsidies to compensate them for cutting back on production. Aimed to bring farm prices back up to profitable levels by eliminating the problem of overproduction. -Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): 1933, provide work camps for young men to work on conservation projects. -Public Works Administration (PWA): 1933, provided work for projects such as road building-improved infrastructure.
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