Stats Test 1 Vocab

Front 1

Empirical Research

Back 1

With a theory or hypothesis in mind, researchers design a research project to test their idea.
EX: Who/what to study (effectiveness of a new drug)
How to Observe (ex..a survey,)
When to study(night,rushhour,)
Condidtions under which observations are made: drug dosage, cool or warm temps, etc)

Front 2

OBTAINING KNOWLEDGE

Back 2

Intuition
Tenacity (hearing it over & over)
Authority (We are told it)
Rationalism (using reason)
Empiricism-(direct observation)

Front 3

ELEMENT/OBSERVATION

Back 3

a SINGLE object or data value

Front 4

POPULATION

Back 4

The collection of ALL elements having one or more specified charecteristics. This is represented by the symbol
"N"
-ALL students, not just some
-All the people in a city, not just a group

Front 5

SAMPLE

Back 5

this is only PART of a population
ranging from 1 to N1. Sample is respresented by a
"n"

Front 6

RANDOM SAMPLE

Back 6

a sample selected in such a way that every observation in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Front 7

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE

Back 7

a sample that represets observations from each of several different groups or classes of a population:EX
-Freshman, sophmore, senior
-Methodost, catholic, jewish
-male/female

Front 8

Proportionate Stratified Random Sample

Back 8

represents the RELATIVE FREQUENCIES of observationf from each of several different groups or classes of a population

Front 9

Name Example:
N n
Senior 1000 8
Junior 2000 17
Soph 4000 33
Fresh 5000 42
------- -----
12000 100
1. 100(n) / 12000(N)=.008333
2. 1000(senior) x .008333=
=8 Seniors

Back 9

PROPORTIONATE STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE

Front 10

CONSTANT

Back 10

An onject whose value does not change (Constantly the same)EX:
-IT (3.14)
-number of minutes in an hour 60
-Speed of light (186000 mi/sec)

Front 11

VARIABLE

Back 11

dimensions of categories of objects , events or mainipulations that can have different values.
-eye color
-weight (1bs, oz, tons, etc)
-IQ scores (100,130, 85)

Front 12

QUALITATIVE VARIABLE

Back 12

One whose range of values consists of groups of groups or classes
-ORDERED: the values (ex: groups) can be placed in a meaningful sequence (like letter grades)

UNORDERED: Values cannot be placed in a meaningful sequence (like cars)

Front 13

QUANTITATIVE

Back 13

one whose range of values consist of a count or numerical measurement of a characteristic

DISCRETE: contains a finite number of values or an infinite number of values that are countable (ex: number of gifts received for birthday)
CONTINUOUS: contains an "uncountably infinite" number of values (like distance)

Front 14

QUANTITATIVE DATA

Back 14

the result of using some instrument to measure somthing, like a test score or weight

Front 15

Qualitative Data

Back 15

Things are grouped according to some common property and the number of members of the group are recorded (males/females, cars, etc.)

Front 16

Measurment

Back 16

assigning values to objects according to a set of rules
EX: to serve as labels (drug AP
-to indicate rank (1st, 2cnd, 3rd)
-to represent quanity (14 parking tickets)

Front 17

NOMINAL
(Levels of Measurement)

Back 17

assignment of observations to mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and NON-ORDERED equivalence classes.
-gender
-political affiliation

Front 18

ORDINAL
(Levels of Measurment)

Back 18

assignment of observations to ordered equivelance classess, but does not imply equal intervals EX:
-military ranks
-top ten best movies

Front 19

INTERVAL
(Levels of Measurment)

Back 19

assignment of observations to ordered quivalence classes with EQUAL intervals and an ARBITRARY value of zero.
-degrees farenheit
-spelling test scores

Front 20

RATIO
(Levels of Measurment)

Back 20

Assignment of observations to ordered equivalence classes with equal intervals and an ABSOLUTE zero. EX:
-Speed
-Height

Front 21

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
(organizing data)

Back 21

a table which shows HOW OFTEN each value of a variable occur. EX:
15 12 15 15 13 18 26 20 13
(how often did 15 occur?)

Front 22

UNGROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Back 22

(use example from sec 2, pg1)

*Out of an "n" population of 40, next to each score is how often a student scored it.

s: F:
23 2 (2 students scored 23)
26 1 (only 1 scored 26)

Front 23

GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Back 23

(use example from sec 2pg1)

Scores are GROUPED EX

S f
27-29 1
24-26 5
*instead of just 5 people scoring a 24, there is a range

Front 24

EXACT LIMITS
(organizing data)

Back 24

The limits of a score are considered to extend 1/2 the distance between the smallest unit of measurement above and below the score.
(sec2 pg1)
*if order goes like this:
85 86 87 88
- -
*The exact limits is the numbers before and after a score EX
86, 86.5 (EL) 87, 87.5 (EL)

Front 25

GROUP DISTRIBUTIONS

Back 25

-Usually provide a better "picture" of data, but loose some detail
(Grouped gives a range, such as 27-29) the numbers inbetween that range are the INTERVAL WIDTH (3 in this case= 27, 28 and 29)
-grouped distributions work best with large ranges

Front 26

UNGROUPED DISTRIBUTIONS

Back 26

contain exact information for all values, but are more difficult to interpret
-these give exact info for all the values; so instead of doing 1-3 in a range, an ungrouped does 1, then 2, then 3
-work best with small ranges

Front 27

RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

Back 27

*Table that contains the proportion or percent for each value or interval
**Divide the Frequency by the "n" sample= P"roportionate. Then multiply the proportionate (decimal #) x 100= the percentage of n.

Front 28

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

Back 28

*table that shows the accumulated frequencies below the UPER EXACT LIMIT of each interval.
**the frequency keeps accumulating upward
-keep adding 1 frequency # up to the last amount to get a "so far" number
3 + 12= 15(cf)cumulative frequency

Front 29

CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Back 29

**table that shows the percent of accumulated frequencies below the UPPER EXACT LIMIT of each interval.

Front 30

MATH
RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Back 30

Step 1: f / n = proportionate (the decimal #)
(sexual harassment ex: asking males and females)
Step 2: Proportionate x 100 = the percentage (round from here)

Front 31

MATH
CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Back 31

Step 1: cum f / n= the cumulative proportion #

Step 2: cum proportion (the decimal #) x 100= cumulative PERCENT frequency (the ending %).

Front 32

BAR GRAPH

Back 32

a series of rectangles, each representing the FREQUENCY or RELATIVE FREQUENCY of values in an unordered or ordered variable
(Toothpaste example)
-Represents distinct categories and because of this the bars DO NOT TOUCH!
(Frequency goes on the left verticle line)

Front 33

PIE CHART

Back 33

Segmented circle in which each segment represents the FREQUENCY or RELATIVE FREQUENCY in an unordered variable
-The size of each segment is calculated according to the minutes of a clock.

Front 34

HISTOGRAM

Back 34

A series of rectangles, representing the frequency or relative frequency of scores from a DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS variable.
***Vertical voundaries coincide with the EXACT LIMITS of each class interval.
-Above and below the number EX: 29.5,39.5, etc.
-Like a bargraph but bars are touching

Front 35

FREQUENCY POLYGON

Back 35

A series of connected points, representing the FREQUENCY or RELATIVE FREQUENCY of scores from a DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS variable
**Each point is positioned over the midpoint of each class interval.

Front 36

CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY POLYGON

Back 36

Each point is positioned over the UPPER EXACT LIMIT of each class interval.
***can be used ot estimate CENTILES and CENTILE RANKS.
-Centile (the horizontal line): the score that all other scores fall under- if out of 100 the highest score is 65, then 65 is the centile.
-Centile Rank: the # of how many scored what under 65. So 70 people scored below 65: 22 below scored 60, etc. THE RANK BELOW THE CENTILE!

Front 37

Frequency distribution SHAPES

Back 37

-J Shape
-Normal
-Skewed (both positive and negative) (pulling)
-bimodal (boobs)

Front 38

KURTOSIS

Back 38

**Indicates how peaked is a distribution (hill-looking)
-long leptokurtic
-round mound mesokurtic
-plain Platykurtic

Front 39

CENTRAL TENDANCY

Back 39

Refers to AVERAGE:
-mode
-median
mean
Central M's

Front 40

Variability

Back 40

Degree to which scores are clustered together (hills vary)