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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are neurons?
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A network of specialized cells in the nervous system (provides a communication network within body)
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What are the 2 parts the nervous system is divided into?
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Central nervous system CNS (brain and spinal cord). Peripheral nervous system PNS (contains only nerves, connects the CNS to body?
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What are the 3 primary functions of the nervous system?
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Sensory function. Integrative function. Motor function.
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What is sensory function?
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The ability to sense changes in internal environment (stretch places on muscle) or external environment (changing walking pattern when walking on sand versus sidewalk)
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What does the cell body (soma) include?
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A nucleus and other organelles including lysosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi complex.
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What does an axon do?
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Transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites (muscles, organs). Provides info from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of body
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What do dendrites do?
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Gather info from other structures and transmits it back to the neuron
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How are functional classifications of neurons determined?
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The direction of their nerve impulses
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What are the 3 main functional classifications of neurons?
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Sensory (afferent) neurons, interneurons, motor (efferent) neurons
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What do sensory (afferent) neurons do?
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Respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli and transmit nerve impulse from effector sites (muscles, organs) to the brain and spinal cord
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What is another name for sensory neurons?
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Afferent
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What do interneurons do?
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Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
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What do motor (efferent) neurons do?
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Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites (muscles, glands)
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What is another name for motor neurons?
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Efferent
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What is integrative function?
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The ability to analyze and interpret sensory info to produce appropriate response.
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What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?
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12 cranial nerves. 31 pairs of spinal nerves (branch out from the brain and spinal cord). Sensory receptors
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What is motor function?
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The neuromuscular (nervous and muscular systems) response to sensory info (causing a muscle to contract when stretched to far)
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What is proprioception?
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The body's ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of body (when we run, our feet give proprioceptive feedback about the surface we are on)
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What does improving balance, coordination, and posture help do?
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Train the body's proprioceptive ability to adapt to it's surrounding with out consciously thinking about the movement
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What is a specialized cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals?
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A neuron
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How does the neuron process and transmit information?
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Through electrical and chemical signals.
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What forms the core of the nervous system?
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Brain. Spinal cord. Peripheral ganglia.
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What form nerves?
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Many neurons
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What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?
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Cell body (soma). Axon. Dendrites.
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What are the 2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
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Somatic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system
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What does the somatic nervous system consist of?
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Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle
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What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
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Voluntary control of movement
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What does the autonomic nervous system do?
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Supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body (heart, digestive system, endocrine glands)
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What are 2 involuntary systems of the body?
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Heart, digestive system, a doctrine glands
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What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Sympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic nervous system
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What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
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Increases levels of activation in preparation for activity (exercise)
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
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Decreases levels of activation during rest and recovery
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What are sensory receptors?
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Specialized structures located throughout the body
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What do sensory receptors do?
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Converts environmental stimuli (heat, light, sound, taste, motion) into sensory info that the brain and spinal cord uses to produce a response
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What are the 4 subdivisions of sensory receptors?
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Mechanoreceptors. Nociceptors. Chemoreceptors. Photoreceptors.
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What do mechanoreceptors respond to?
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Mechanical forces (touch and pressure, stretching, sound waves, motion)
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What do nociceptors respond to?
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Pain (pain receptors)
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What do chemoreceptors respond to?
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Chemical interaction (smell and taste)
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What do photoreceptors respond to?
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Light (vision)
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How do mechanoreceptors work?
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Transmit impulses from outside forces through sensory nerves which allow the body to monitor the position of muscles, bones, and joints (proprioceptors)
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Where are mechanoreceptors located?
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Muscles. Tendons. Ligaments. Joint capaules.
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What are muscle spindles?
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Sensory receptors within muscle that run parallel to muscle fibers.
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What are muscle spindles?
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Sensory receptors within muscle that run parallel to muscle fibers.
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What are muscle spindles sensitive to?
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Change in muscle length and rate of length change
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What does the muscle spindle regulate?
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Contractions of the muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism.
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When a muscle spindle is stretched what happens?
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An impulse is sent to the spinal cord within 1-2 milliseconds. Prevents over stretching and muscle damage
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What does GTO stand for?
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Golgi tendon organs
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What's are Golgi tendon organs (GTOs)
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Sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscles.
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What are Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) sensitive to?
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Changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change. Activation will cause muscle to relax to prevent excess stress or injury of muscle
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Where are joint receptors located?
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In and around joint capsule
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What do joint receptors respond to?
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Joint pressure, acceleration, deceleration
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How do joint receptors help to prevent injury
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Starts a response in surrounding muscles when to much stress is placed on joint.
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