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52 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are neurons?
A network of specialized cells in the nervous system (provides a communication network within body)
What are the 2 parts the nervous system is divided into?
Central nervous system CNS (brain and spinal cord). Peripheral nervous system PNS (contains only nerves, connects the CNS to body?
What are the 3 primary functions of the nervous system?
Sensory function. Integrative function. Motor function.
What is sensory function?
The ability to sense changes in internal environment (stretch places on muscle) or external environment (changing walking pattern when walking on sand versus sidewalk)
What does the cell body (soma) include?
A nucleus and other organelles including lysosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi complex.
What does an axon do?
Transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites (muscles, organs). Provides info from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of body
What do dendrites do?
Gather info from other structures and transmits it back to the neuron
How are functional classifications of neurons determined?
The direction of their nerve impulses
What are the 3 main functional classifications of neurons?
Sensory (afferent) neurons, interneurons, motor (efferent) neurons
What do sensory (afferent) neurons do?
Respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli and transmit nerve impulse from effector sites (muscles, organs) to the brain and spinal cord
What is another name for sensory neurons?
Afferent
What do interneurons do?
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
What do motor (efferent) neurons do?
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites (muscles, glands)
What is another name for motor neurons?
Efferent
What is integrative function?
The ability to analyze and interpret sensory info to produce appropriate response.
What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?
12 cranial nerves. 31 pairs of spinal nerves (branch out from the brain and spinal cord). Sensory receptors
What is motor function?
The neuromuscular (nervous and muscular systems) response to sensory info (causing a muscle to contract when stretched to far)
What is proprioception?
The body's ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of body (when we run, our feet give proprioceptive feedback about the surface we are on)
What does improving balance, coordination, and posture help do?
Train the body's proprioceptive ability to adapt to it's surrounding with out consciously thinking about the movement
What is a specialized cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals?
A neuron
How does the neuron process and transmit information?
Through electrical and chemical signals.
What forms the core of the nervous system?
Brain. Spinal cord. Peripheral ganglia.
What form nerves?
Many neurons
What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?
Cell body (soma). Axon. Dendrites.
What are the 2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Somatic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system
What does the somatic nervous system consist of?
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle
What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
Voluntary control of movement
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body (heart, digestive system, endocrine glands)
What are 2 involuntary systems of the body?
Heart, digestive system, a doctrine glands
What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic nervous system
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Increases levels of activation in preparation for activity (exercise)
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Decreases levels of activation during rest and recovery
What are sensory receptors?
Specialized structures located throughout the body
What do sensory receptors do?
Converts environmental stimuli (heat, light, sound, taste, motion) into sensory info that the brain and spinal cord uses to produce a response
What are the 4 subdivisions of sensory receptors?
Mechanoreceptors. Nociceptors. Chemoreceptors. Photoreceptors.
What do mechanoreceptors respond to?
Mechanical forces (touch and pressure, stretching, sound waves, motion)
What do nociceptors respond to?
Pain (pain receptors)
What do chemoreceptors respond to?
Chemical interaction (smell and taste)
What do photoreceptors respond to?
Light (vision)
How do mechanoreceptors work?
Transmit impulses from outside forces through sensory nerves which allow the body to monitor the position of muscles, bones, and joints (proprioceptors)
Where are mechanoreceptors located?
Muscles. Tendons. Ligaments. Joint capaules.
What are muscle spindles?
Sensory receptors within muscle that run parallel to muscle fibers.
What are muscle spindles?
Sensory receptors within muscle that run parallel to muscle fibers.
What are muscle spindles sensitive to?
Change in muscle length and rate of length change
What does the muscle spindle regulate?
Contractions of the muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism.
When a muscle spindle is stretched what happens?
An impulse is sent to the spinal cord within 1-2 milliseconds. Prevents over stretching and muscle damage
What does GTO stand for?
Golgi tendon organs
What's are Golgi tendon organs (GTOs)
Sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscles.
What are Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) sensitive to?
Changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change. Activation will cause muscle to relax to prevent excess stress or injury of muscle
Where are joint receptors located?
In and around joint capsule
What do joint receptors respond to?
Joint pressure, acceleration, deceleration
How do joint receptors help to prevent injury
Starts a response in surrounding muscles when to much stress is placed on joint.