Bio 223-Exam 4

Front 1

What is an afferent pathway?

Back 1

A nerve pathway going in

Front 2

What is an efferent pathway?

Back 2

A nerve pathway going out

Front 3

What is an ascending pathway?

Back 3

Afferent (going in)

Front 4

What is a descending pathway?

Back 4

Efferent (going out)

Front 5

What are the 6 regions of the brain?

Back 5

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata

Front 6

The mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata makes up what part of the brain?

Back 6

Brain stem

Front 7

T or F: Complex function of the brain increases as you go down.

Back 7

False. Complex function of the brain increases as you go up.

Front 8

What are the cranial meninges?

Back 8

connective tissue coverings

Front 9

What job does the cerebrospinal fluid perform?

Back 9

shock absorper

Front 10

T or F: Alcohol can get through the blood-brain barrier?

Back 10

True

Front 11

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Back 11

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Front 12

What protects the brain from cranial trauma?

Back 12

Meninges

Front 13

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

Back 13

meningeal layer (inner layer), endosteal layer (outer layer)

Front 14

What layer of the dura mater is fused to the periosteum?

Back 14

endosteal layer

Front 15

Which layer of the cranial meninges covers the brain?

Back 15

arachnoid mater

Front 16

Which layer of the cranial meninges goes in all of the folds of the brain and is attached to the brain surface by astrocytes?

Back 16

pia mater

Front 17

What is found between the endosteal layer of the dura mater and the meningeal layer of the dura mater?

Back 17

dural sinus

Front 18

What is the job of the dural folds?

Back 18

to stabilize and support the brain, anchors it

Front 19

What are the 3 largest dural folds?

Back 19

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

Front 20

Where is the falx cerebri found?

Back 20

cerebrum

Front 21

Where are the tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebelli found?

Back 21

cerebellum

Front 22

What cushions and supports the brain, transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products?

Back 22

Cerebrospinal fluid

Front 23

Which part of the brain is cerebrospinal fluid produced in?

Back 23

choroid plexus

Front 24

What is the job of the specialized ependymal cells and capillaries of the choroid plexus?

Back 24

secretes cerebrospinal fluid into ventricles, removes waste products from cerebrospinal fluid, adjusts composition of cerebrospinal fluid

Front 25

How much cerebrospinal fluid is produced per day?

Back 25

500 milliliters

Front 26

Ependymal cells have _____ which help circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

Back 26

cilia

Front 27

Where is arachnoid villi found?

Back 27

subararachnoid space

Front 28

What are the large clusters of villi that absorb CSF into venous circulation called?

Back 28

Arachnoid granulations

Front 29

What type of cells form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier?

Back 29

ependymal cells

Front 30

What limits the movement of compounds transferred and allows the chemical composition of blood and cerebrospinal fluid to differ?

Back 30

Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid barrier

Front 31

What isolates central nervous system neural tissue?

Back 31

Blood-Brain barrier

Front 32

What forms the blood-brain barrier?

Back 32

tight junctions

Front 33

What can move across the blood-brain barrier?

Back 33

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids, prostaglandins

Front 34

How do astrocytes control the blood-brain barrier?

Back 34

releases chemicals that control permeability

Front 35

What processes info between the spinal cord and cerebrum, or spinal cord and cerebellum?

Back 35

Brain stem

Front 36

What 3 parts make up the brain stem?

Back 36

mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla oblongata

Front 37

What kind of pathways are found in the medulla oblongata?

Back 37

afferent and efferent

Front 38

The medulla oblongata connects what 2 parts?

Back 38

brain and spinal cord

Front 39

Which part of the brain relays info and regulates autonomic functions (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion)?

Back 39

Medulla Oblongata

Front 40

What are the 5 cranial nerves that are associated with both sensory and motor nuclei?

Back 40

Vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve (last 5 nerves. VGVAH)

Front 41

What are the 4 relay stations along sensory and motor pathways in the medulla oblongata?

Back 41

Nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, solitary nucleus, olivary nucleus

Front 42

What nucleus of the medulla oblongata controls somatic sensory info from the inferior half of the body?

Back 42

Nucleus gracilis

Front 43

What nucleus of the medulla oblongata controls somatic sensory info from the superior half of the body?

Back 43

Nucleus cuneatus

Front 44

What nucleus of the medulla oblongata integrates and relays visceral sensory info?

Back 44

Solitary nucleus

Front 45

What nucleus of the medulla oblongata relays info from the red nucleus?

Back 45

Olivary nucleus

Front 46

What does the respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata control?

Back 46

Base pace of respiration

Front 47

What does the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata control?

Back 47

speeds up and slows down heart

Front 48

What does the vasomotor center in the medulla oblongata control?

Back 48

diameter of blood vessels

Front 49

What does the general reflex center in the medulla oblongata control?

Back 49

sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, swallowing, vomiting

Front 50

What are the 4 autonomic nuclei controlling visceral activities in the medulla oblongata?

Back 50

respiratory rhythmicity center, cardiac center, vasomotor center, general reflex center

Front 51

The pons contains sensory and motor nuclei of which 4 cranial nerves?

Back 51

Trigeminal (5), Abducens (6) Facial (7) Vestibulocochlear (8)

Front 52

The pons contains nuclei associated with ___________.

Back 52

Respiration

Front 53

What do the aponeuistic and pneumotaxic centers in the pons control?

Back 53

respiratory rhythmicity

Front 54

Does the pons contain ascending, descending or transverse tracts or all 3?

Back 54

Contains all 3

Front 55

What do transverse fibers in the pons connect?

Back 55

Nuclei of the pons with opposite cerebellar hemisphere

Front 56

Damage to what area can cause a coma?

Back 56

reticular formation area of the pons

Front 57

Tectum and Tegmentum are structures of the _____________.

Back 57

Mesencephalon

Front 58

What are the areas of gray matter in the midbrain called?

Back 58

Tectum

Front 59

What are the two sensory nuclei in the tectum?

Back 59

superior colliculus, inferior colliculus

Front 60

What does the superior colliculus control?

Back 60

visual

Front 61

What does the inferior colliculus control?

Back 61

auditory

Front 62

Do the superior and inferior colliculi control reflexes or actual processes?

Back 62

reflexes

Front 63

Red nucleus, substantia nigra and the nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves make up what in the midbrain?

Back 63

Tegmentum

Front 64

What is the pigmented gray matter in the midbrain called?

Back 64

Substantia nigra

Front 65

Adjusting postural muscles and fine-tuning conscious and subconscious movements are actions this part of the brain does.

Back 65

Cerebellum

Front 66

Folia, anterior lobe, posterior lobe, cerebellar hemispheres, purkinje cells, arbor vitae and peduncles are structures of what part of the brain?

Back 66

Cerebellum

Front 67

Where is the folia in the cerebellum found?

Back 67

The surface of the cerebellum

Front 68

What does the primary fissure of the cerebellum separate?

Back 68

The anterior and posterior lobes

Front 69

What in the cerebellum is separated at the midline by vermis?

Back 69

The cerebellar hemispheres

Front 70

What cells are largely branched, found in the cerebellar cortex, and receive input from up to 200,000 synapses?

Back 70

Purkinje cells

Front 71

What part of the cerebellum relays information to purkinje cells and is a highly branced, internal white matter?

Back 71

Arbor vitae

Front 72

What do the peduncles in the cerebellum link?

Back 72

The cerebellum to the brain stem, the cerebrum and the spinal cord

Front 73

What is a disorder of the cerebellum that can occur do to damage from trauma or stroke, intoxication and disturbs muscle coordination?

Back 73

Ataxia

Front 74

Which part of the brain integrates sensory information and motor commands?

Back 74

Diencephalon

Front 75

Which part of the brain is made up of the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus?

Back 75

Diencephalon

Front 76

What gland secretes melatonin and is found in the posterior epithalamus?

Back 76

Pineal gland

Front 77

What part of the brain filters ascending sensory information and relays info between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex?

Back 77

Thalamus

Front 78

What are the rounded masses that form the thalamus?

Back 78

Thalamic nuclei

Front 79

What are the five groups of the thalamic nuclei?

Back 79

Anterior group (emotion), Medial group (awareness of emotional states), ventral group (relays sensory info), posterior group (sensory, visual and auditory), lateral group (integrates sensory info)

Front 80

What are the 3 nuclei in the posterior group of the diencephalon?

Back 80

Pulvinar, lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus

Front 81

The pulvinar nucleus in the posterior group of the diencephalon is responsible for what sense?

Back 81

sensory

Front 82

The lateral geniculate nucleus in the posterior group of the diencephalon is responsible for what sense?

Back 82

visual

Front 83

The medial geniculate nucleus in the posterior group of the diencephalon is responsible for what sense?

Back 83

auditory

Front 84

Which part of the brain is not evolved from animals?

Back 84

limbic system

Front 85

Which sense is the strongest memory and emotional stimulator?

Back 85

smell

Front 86

What 2 parts make up the hypothalamus?

Back 86

mamillary bodies and infundibulum

Front 87

What is the job of the mamillary bodies?

Back 87

Processes olfactory sensory info, control reflex eating movements

Front 88

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Back 88

infundibulum

Front 89

Subconscious control of skeletal muscle, controls autonomic function, coordinates activities of the nervous and endocrine systems, secretes hormones, produces emotions and behavioral drives, coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions, regulates body temp and controls circadian rhythms are all functions of which part of the brain?

Back 89

Hypothalamus

Front 90

The supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus secretes what hormone?

Back 90

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 91

The paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus secretes what hormone?

Back 91

Oxytocin

Front 92

In what area is short-term memory created and long-term memory controlled?

Back 92

limbic system

Front 93

What are the 3 jobs the limbic system performs?

Back 93

Establishes emotional states, links conscious functions and autonomic functions, facilitates memory storage and retrieval

Front 94

What are the 5 parts of the limbic system?

Back 94

Amygdaloid body, limbic lobe, fornix, anterior nucleus, reticular formation.

Front 95

The hippocampus lies in what lobe of the cerebral hemisphere of the limbic system?

Back 95

Limbic lobe

Front 96

What part of the limbic system connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus and is a tract of white matter?

Back 96

Fornix

Front 97

Which part of the limbic system relays info from the mamillary body to cingulate gyrus?

Back 97

Anterior nucleus

Front 98

Stimulation or inhibition of this part of the limbic system affects emotions:

Back 98

Reticular formation

Front 99

What is the largest part of the brain?

Back 99

Cerebrum

Front 100

What part of the brain controls all conscious thought and intellectual functions and processees somatic sensory and motor information?

Back 100

Cerebrum

Front 101

What kind of matter lies in the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei of the cerebrum?

Back 101

Gray matter

Front 102

What kind of matter lies in the basal cortex and around the basal nuclei?

Back 102

White matter

Front 103

Gyri, Insula, Longitudinal fissure and Lobes make up what part of the brain?

Back 103

Cerebrum

Front 104

What increases the surface area of the cerebrum?

Back 104

Gyri

Front 105

What separates the cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum?

Back 105

Longitudinal fissure

Front 106

What are the divisions of hemispheres in the cerebrum called?

Back 106

Lobes

Front 107

T or F: Nerve pathways cross in the spinal cord.

Back 107

T

Front 108

What kind of fibers provide connections within one hemisphere?

Back 108

Association fibers

Front 109

What kind of fibers connecting two hemispheres?

Back 109

Commissural fibers

Front 110

What fibers connect the cerebrum with lower areas?

Back 110

Projection fibers

Front 111

What are masses of gray matter, are embedded in white matter of the cerebrum and direct subconscious activities?

Back 111

Basal nuclei

Front 112

What part of the cerebrum is involved with the subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns?

Back 112

Basal nuclei

Front 113

What separates motor and sensory areas of the cerebrum?

Back 113

Central sulcus

Front 114

What are the 3 motor areas of the cerebrum?

Back 114

Precentral gyrus, primary motor cortex, pyramidal cells

Front 115

Which motor area of the cerebrum directs voluntary movements?

Back 115

Precentral gyrus

Front 116

What is the surface of the precentral gyrus in the cerebrum called?

Back 116

Primary motor cortex

Front 117

What are neurons of the primary motor cortex in the cerebrum called?

Back 117

Pyramidal cells

Front 118

What are the 2 sensory areas of the cortex?

Back 118

Postcentral gyrus, Primary sensory cortex

Front 119

Which sensory area of the cerebrum receives somatic sensory info?

Back 119

Postcentral gyrus

Front 120

What is the surface of the postcentral gyrus in the cerebrum called?

Back 120

Primary sensory cortex

Front 121

What are the 4 special sensory cortexes?

Back 121

Visual cortex, auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex

Front 122

What is the general interpretive area of the cerebrum called?

Back 122

Wernicke's area

Front 123

Is Wernicke's area (general interpretive area) present in one or both hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Back 123

One

Front 124

Which area of the cerebrum receives info from all sensory association areas and coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories?

Back 124

Wernicke's area

Front 125

What is the speech center of the cerebrum called?

Back 125

Brocha's area

Front 126

Which area of the cerebrum coordinates all vocalization functions?

Back 126

Brocha's area (speech center)

Front 127

Which area of the cerebrum integrates info and performs abstract intellectual activities?

Back 127

Prefrontal cortex

Front 128

T or F: Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere.

Back 128

T

Front 129

In most people, what hemisphere controls reading, writing, math, decision making, speech and language?

Back 129

Left hemisphere

Front 130

In most people, what hemisphere controls senses and recognition?

Back 130

Right hemisphere

Front 131

Which cranial nerves control sensory commands? (7 of them)

Back 131

Olfactory, Optic, Trigeminal, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

Front 132

Which cranial nerves control motor commands?

(9 of them)

Back 132

Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

Front 133

Which cranial nerves control both motor and sensory commands? (4 of them)

Back 133

Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus,

Front 134

Between what 2 layers does a subdural hematoma occur?

Back 134

Dura mater and arachnoid mater

Front 135

Is the brain stem involved in higher thought processes?

Back 135

No