Review of the Empirical Evidence of Behaviour
Transtheoretical Model
Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is a stage-based model that provides a conceptual basis that can be used to develop interventions to help people with addiction issues, such as smoking, to change their unhealthy behaviour (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992). According to Prochaska et al (1992), the use of ‘stage of membership,’ as well as ‘stage of change,’ helps categorize the subject’s level of readiness to make a successful behavioural change.
In Spencer, Pagell, Hallion, & Adams (2002) qualitative analysis of all available research analyses of TTM, it was found that TTM’s application to tobacco cessation is strong and is continuously growing. It, however, was found …show more content…
Spencer et al. (2002) rated the validity of TTM using a criteria created by Anastassi (1989) and Messick (1989). It was found that TTM met the first criteria wherein the constructs must be based on established theories namely cognitive/behavioural theory, self-efficacy, as well as Health Belief Model. The second criterion for validity of TTM is reliability, which was measured by investigating internal consistency on the relationship of each construct, and how they are related. This was supported by 16 studies, mainly by Prochaska and DiClements, and is substantiated by statistical measures that were used to explore the dynamic relationship between each construct (Spencer et al., 2002). The third measure of validity is the generalizability of TTM and its constructs across varied population and timeframe, which Spencer et al. (2002) found in many cross-sectional intervention studies that utilized large-scale interventions/programs and individualized counselling programs. The final criterion for measuring the validity of TTM is its comparison with similar/rival theories specifically how the stages of change is applied, defined, and measured, or if they exist at …show more content…
Prochaska et al. (1997) believes that behavioral change is a process that takes time and therefore happens through a series of changes. Moreover, he noted that stages of change serve as an imperative guideline for the development of intervention programs, mainly because it represents specific temporal elements.
Precontemplation. According to Prochaska et al. (1997), this is the stage where the subject has no intention of changing his or her unhealthy behaviour. Furthermore, people who are in this stage, are perhaps not informed about the consequences of their high-risk behaviour, or are simply unmotivated to change due to failures in previous attempts (Prochaska et al., 1997).
Contemplation. In this stage, also known as behavioural procrastination, the subject plans to take action to change his/her behavior in the near future (Prochaska et al., 1997). Prochaska et al. (1997) explains that people at this stage know the pros and cons of changing the high risk behaviour and are contemplating if the benefits outweigh the cost of
Transtheoretical Model
Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is a stage-based model that provides a conceptual basis that can be used to develop interventions to help people with addiction issues, such as smoking, to change their unhealthy behaviour (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992). According to Prochaska et al (1992), the use of ‘stage of membership,’ as well as ‘stage of change,’ helps categorize the subject’s level of readiness to make a successful behavioural change.
In Spencer, Pagell, Hallion, & Adams (2002) qualitative analysis of all available research analyses of TTM, it was found that TTM’s application to tobacco cessation is strong and is continuously growing. It, however, was found …show more content…
Spencer et al. (2002) rated the validity of TTM using a criteria created by Anastassi (1989) and Messick (1989). It was found that TTM met the first criteria wherein the constructs must be based on established theories namely cognitive/behavioural theory, self-efficacy, as well as Health Belief Model. The second criterion for validity of TTM is reliability, which was measured by investigating internal consistency on the relationship of each construct, and how they are related. This was supported by 16 studies, mainly by Prochaska and DiClements, and is substantiated by statistical measures that were used to explore the dynamic relationship between each construct (Spencer et al., 2002). The third measure of validity is the generalizability of TTM and its constructs across varied population and timeframe, which Spencer et al. (2002) found in many cross-sectional intervention studies that utilized large-scale interventions/programs and individualized counselling programs. The final criterion for measuring the validity of TTM is its comparison with similar/rival theories specifically how the stages of change is applied, defined, and measured, or if they exist at …show more content…
Prochaska et al. (1997) believes that behavioral change is a process that takes time and therefore happens through a series of changes. Moreover, he noted that stages of change serve as an imperative guideline for the development of intervention programs, mainly because it represents specific temporal elements.
Precontemplation. According to Prochaska et al. (1997), this is the stage where the subject has no intention of changing his or her unhealthy behaviour. Furthermore, people who are in this stage, are perhaps not informed about the consequences of their high-risk behaviour, or are simply unmotivated to change due to failures in previous attempts (Prochaska et al., 1997).
Contemplation. In this stage, also known as behavioural procrastination, the subject plans to take action to change his/her behavior in the near future (Prochaska et al., 1997). Prochaska et al. (1997) explains that people at this stage know the pros and cons of changing the high risk behaviour and are contemplating if the benefits outweigh the cost of