Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) was first identified by Sir Ashley Cooper in 1921 and was further evaluated by Rob and Standeven in 1958 (McKenzie). Thoracic outlet syndrome is a nonspecific diagnosis that refers to an array of conditions caused by compression of the neurovascular structures that pass through the thoracic outlet (Nichols). These conditions can be named based on their location of compression or the cause of symptoms (McKenzie). Factors that predispose patients to the development of TOS include: occupation, gender, medical conditions, and genetic abnormalities, according to McKenzie. “Although most cases of TOS occur in non-athletes, there are certain sports-related injuries that may place one at increased risk” (Kuschner). “The
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Symptoms including weakness and wasting of hand muscles, and numbness in the hand. Disputed TOS is caused by injury to the nerves in the brachial plexus. The most prominent symptom of the disorder is pain and other symptoms include weakness and fatigue. Venous is generally rare that affects men and women equally. The cause of this type of TOS remains unknown but often develops suddenly, frequently following prolonged limb exertion. Lastly, traumatic TOS is caused by traumatic or repetitive activities such as a motor vehicle accident or hyperextension injury. The most common symptom is pain often occurring with tenderness; paresthesia, sensory loss, and weakness also may occur. Certain body postures may worsen symptoms of the disorder. …show more content…
“Prevalence is three times as frequent among females as it is among males” (McKenzie). Predisposing factors, according to Kim McKenzie, include: middle aged females with poorly developed axial and shoulder girdle musculature, and vigorous occupations or weight lifting that result in muscle hypertrophy. Tightness of the scalene and pectoral muscles that have become chronically contracted due to the weight of heavy breasts in some women has also been seen as an etiological factor by Phillips Grieve. High incidences have also been shown in individuals working as cashiers, overhead stockers, musicians, typists, packers, and assembly line workers according to Sallston
Symptoms including weakness and wasting of hand muscles, and numbness in the hand. Disputed TOS is caused by injury to the nerves in the brachial plexus. The most prominent symptom of the disorder is pain and other symptoms include weakness and fatigue. Venous is generally rare that affects men and women equally. The cause of this type of TOS remains unknown but often develops suddenly, frequently following prolonged limb exertion. Lastly, traumatic TOS is caused by traumatic or repetitive activities such as a motor vehicle accident or hyperextension injury. The most common symptom is pain often occurring with tenderness; paresthesia, sensory loss, and weakness also may occur. Certain body postures may worsen symptoms of the disorder. …show more content…
“Prevalence is three times as frequent among females as it is among males” (McKenzie). Predisposing factors, according to Kim McKenzie, include: middle aged females with poorly developed axial and shoulder girdle musculature, and vigorous occupations or weight lifting that result in muscle hypertrophy. Tightness of the scalene and pectoral muscles that have become chronically contracted due to the weight of heavy breasts in some women has also been seen as an etiological factor by Phillips Grieve. High incidences have also been shown in individuals working as cashiers, overhead stockers, musicians, typists, packers, and assembly line workers according to Sallston