The early twentieth century introduced a new generation of suffragists much different from those of the late nineteenth century like Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Instead of focusing on direct equality to the male population, this new generation focused on the fundamental differences between men and women, strengthening women’s sense of group consciousness. These sentiments stemmed from the failure of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to provide universal suffrage, and thus equality to all men and women in the United States. As Eleanor Flexner indicates, 480 suffrage campaigns were waged between 1870 and 1910 ending in only seventeen referenda and two victories in Colorado and Idaho. So although the path to suffrage was forged
