There are countless career theories and models, none of which are enough to describe the broad field of career development. In this section it describes core theories, and their key ideas to career development. It’s said that five theories of career development have guided career guidance and counselling practice. “These five theories are Theory of Work-Adjustment, Holland’s Theory of Vocational Personalities in Work Environment, the Self-concept Theory of Career Development formulated by Super, Gottfredson’s Theory of Circumscription and Compromise, and last Social Cognitive Career Theory. These theories are called the “big-five” theoretical models (Athanasou & Esbroeck 2008)”. These theories discuss specific components to ensure career guidance
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Although the ones found most effective in their own unique ways are the Psychodynamic theory, Behavioral theory, Cognitive theory, Humanistic approach and Integrative theory. “Sigmund Freud is the founding father of Psychodynamic theory, who believed there were unconscious forces that drive behavior (Nevid 2016)”. Psychodynamic theory is a way of helping people identify past experiences, thoughts, emotions and even beliefs to help them with problems in their present life. Parts of the unconscious mind that holds the id and superego are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind that is known as the ego. Behavioral theory believes that behavior is learned and not something that is natural obtained. “Classic conditioning is one type of behavioral therapy that comes from early theorist Ivan Pavlov’s research()”. Pavlov conducted a study using dogs, which focused on the effects of a learned response through a stimulus. It stated that dogs don’t learn to salivate whenever they see food. This reflex is an unconditioned response()”. Another example that could be used, would be humans don’t learn to breath when born, it would be a unconditioned …show more content…
There is an ethical guideline of principles that should be followed before making important decisions. According to the guide of ethical decision-making states that there are five fundamental principles. Which are autonomy, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, and fidelity being each crucial to promoting a healthy counseling relationship. Autonomy is the principle that addresses respect for independence, and self-determination. The goal of this principle is to allow an individual the freedom of choice and action. Justice, which is “treating equals equally and unequal’s unequally but in proportion to their relevant differences (Kitchener 1984 p. 49)”. Beneficence reflects the counselor’s responsibility to contribute to the welfare of the client. Simply stated, it means to do good, to be proactive, and to prevent harm when possible (Forester-Miller & Rubenstein, 1992). Non-maleficence is the concept of not causing harm to others. This principle is considered by some to be the most critical of all the principles, even though theoretically they are all equal weight (Kitchener, 1984; Rosenbaum, 1982; Stadler,
Although the ones found most effective in their own unique ways are the Psychodynamic theory, Behavioral theory, Cognitive theory, Humanistic approach and Integrative theory. “Sigmund Freud is the founding father of Psychodynamic theory, who believed there were unconscious forces that drive behavior (Nevid 2016)”. Psychodynamic theory is a way of helping people identify past experiences, thoughts, emotions and even beliefs to help them with problems in their present life. Parts of the unconscious mind that holds the id and superego are in constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind that is known as the ego. Behavioral theory believes that behavior is learned and not something that is natural obtained. “Classic conditioning is one type of behavioral therapy that comes from early theorist Ivan Pavlov’s research()”. Pavlov conducted a study using dogs, which focused on the effects of a learned response through a stimulus. It stated that dogs don’t learn to salivate whenever they see food. This reflex is an unconditioned response()”. Another example that could be used, would be humans don’t learn to breath when born, it would be a unconditioned …show more content…
There is an ethical guideline of principles that should be followed before making important decisions. According to the guide of ethical decision-making states that there are five fundamental principles. Which are autonomy, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, and fidelity being each crucial to promoting a healthy counseling relationship. Autonomy is the principle that addresses respect for independence, and self-determination. The goal of this principle is to allow an individual the freedom of choice and action. Justice, which is “treating equals equally and unequal’s unequally but in proportion to their relevant differences (Kitchener 1984 p. 49)”. Beneficence reflects the counselor’s responsibility to contribute to the welfare of the client. Simply stated, it means to do good, to be proactive, and to prevent harm when possible (Forester-Miller & Rubenstein, 1992). Non-maleficence is the concept of not causing harm to others. This principle is considered by some to be the most critical of all the principles, even though theoretically they are all equal weight (Kitchener, 1984; Rosenbaum, 1982; Stadler,