Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease which comprises many body organs (Mohammad, H. A. et al., 2014). SLE is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting multiple organ systems including the skin, musculoskeletal system, kidneys, blood, heart, as well as the respiratory system. Central nervous system is also affected by the disease (Tsang, H. Y. H. et al., 2006). It is the most common multisystemic disorder facilitated through the immune system of the human body (Hussain, D. et al., 2014). This complex disease was characterized by the appearance of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens (Pathak, S., & Mohan, C., 2011). It is also known as a connective tissue disorder, with a heterogeneous presentation (Ben-Menachem, E., 2010).
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In 1846, the Viennese physician Ferdinand von Hebra (1816–1880) presented the butterfly metaphor to describe the malar rash. Lupus was first documented as a systemic ailment with visceral manifestations by Moriz Kaposi (1837–1902) (Bertsias, G. et al., 2012). However, Cazenave (1802-1877) was the first physician to use the term lupus erythematosus (Lahita, Robert G. et al., 2010). Other vital milestones include the description of the false positive test for syphilis in SLE by Reinhart and Hauck from Germany (Bertsias, G. et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the beginning of the modern era in SLE was in 1948, when Hargraves, Richmond, and Morton designated the LE cell in the bone marrow of SLE patients. This test was later revised to peripheral blood. This discovery placed the basis of validation of the disease lupus as an autoimmune disease (Lahita, Robert G. et al.,
In 1846, the Viennese physician Ferdinand von Hebra (1816–1880) presented the butterfly metaphor to describe the malar rash. Lupus was first documented as a systemic ailment with visceral manifestations by Moriz Kaposi (1837–1902) (Bertsias, G. et al., 2012). However, Cazenave (1802-1877) was the first physician to use the term lupus erythematosus (Lahita, Robert G. et al., 2010). Other vital milestones include the description of the false positive test for syphilis in SLE by Reinhart and Hauck from Germany (Bertsias, G. et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the beginning of the modern era in SLE was in 1948, when Hargraves, Richmond, and Morton designated the LE cell in the bone marrow of SLE patients. This test was later revised to peripheral blood. This discovery placed the basis of validation of the disease lupus as an autoimmune disease (Lahita, Robert G. et al.,