Planning theory developed from a range of disciplines. It borrows ideas from economics, sociology, political science, psychology and geography. From these disciplines, planning has adopted ideas which are applied to the planning process to arrive at normative prescriptions of how planning is to be done. According to Alexander, planning practice needs a theory of what planning is or should be, and theory provides scientific explanation and description of facts.
Planning used to be viewed as an urban-design tradition, where planners had tended to view and judge towns in physical and aesthetic terms. However, since 1945 several planning traditions have emerged, including blueprint planning; synoptic planning; incremental planning; mixed scanning; …show more content…
Synoptic planning typically looks at problems using mathematical models with heavy reliance on numbers and quantitative analysis. According to Hudson, synoptic planning has roughly four classical elements: (1) specification of goals and targets; (2) identification of policy alternatives; (3) evaluation of means against ends; and (4) implementation of policy. Edward Banfield is believed to be one of the many students of the planning process who developed these steps. Synoptic planning has been a dominant planning tradition but this tradition has serious blind spots such as supporting the status quo, being change-resistant and controlling outcome in advance, which can only be covered by recourse to other planning traditions. Synoptic planning was criticised in the late 1950s and early 1960s because it was centralising, clung to the notion of a unitary public interest and failed to accommodate changing forces or circumstances in the outside world. Blueprint and synoptic planning form part of what is known as the rational-comprehensive approach and falls within the social guidance tradition described by …show more content…
John Forester communicative planning in the late 1980s claimed that through communicative approaches along with technical knowledge, planners could help actors understanding each other and provide information to encourage community-based planning decisions. Public participation in communicative planning is fundamental because to plan is to communicate, argue, debate and engage in discourse for the purposes or organising attention to the possibilities of action. Planning becomes a social learning and culture building experience that produces a system of shared meanings between planners and the public. In this tradition, without the involvement of concerns actors, planning cannot
Planning used to be viewed as an urban-design tradition, where planners had tended to view and judge towns in physical and aesthetic terms. However, since 1945 several planning traditions have emerged, including blueprint planning; synoptic planning; incremental planning; mixed scanning; …show more content…
Synoptic planning typically looks at problems using mathematical models with heavy reliance on numbers and quantitative analysis. According to Hudson, synoptic planning has roughly four classical elements: (1) specification of goals and targets; (2) identification of policy alternatives; (3) evaluation of means against ends; and (4) implementation of policy. Edward Banfield is believed to be one of the many students of the planning process who developed these steps. Synoptic planning has been a dominant planning tradition but this tradition has serious blind spots such as supporting the status quo, being change-resistant and controlling outcome in advance, which can only be covered by recourse to other planning traditions. Synoptic planning was criticised in the late 1950s and early 1960s because it was centralising, clung to the notion of a unitary public interest and failed to accommodate changing forces or circumstances in the outside world. Blueprint and synoptic planning form part of what is known as the rational-comprehensive approach and falls within the social guidance tradition described by …show more content…
John Forester communicative planning in the late 1980s claimed that through communicative approaches along with technical knowledge, planners could help actors understanding each other and provide information to encourage community-based planning decisions. Public participation in communicative planning is fundamental because to plan is to communicate, argue, debate and engage in discourse for the purposes or organising attention to the possibilities of action. Planning becomes a social learning and culture building experience that produces a system of shared meanings between planners and the public. In this tradition, without the involvement of concerns actors, planning cannot