1.Introduction
Venom is an general expression indicating to different forms of toxins secreted naturally by living organisms: microbes, plants, or animals.; these animals have developed their behaviors as defense mechanisms or to help them hunt for food by using their venom , or they can be produced synthetically .Toxin acts through two mechanisms either by effecting nervous system or by damaging tissues or organs (Franz et al., 1997). Animal venoms are complicated natural sources of biologically active molecules that affect various vital physiological function, the main toxic substances found in the venom are protein and peptide origin , the complexity of the venom compositions depends on the species that produce venom , venomous animals …show more content…
The existence of these animals differs but many of these animals lives in the warm and shallow waters. Venomous marine animals divides into vertebrates and invertebrates , It is believed that there are at least 200 species of poisonous vertebrate fish distributed throughout the world including stingrays, scorpionfish, stonefish, catfish, that differ in Both the number and severity of injury (Kizer et al., 1983)., venomous fish got the attention of scientists in recent years, and their knowledge of the toxic fish species, the nature and the source of toxins have increased. However, fish is now known to be the most prevailing venomous animal among vertebrate. Stonefish It is one of the most venomous fish known (eg, Synanceia verrucosa, Synanceia hornium and Synanceia nana) belonging to the venomous, dangerous Scorpaenidae family and are members of the Synanceiidae family , It got its name from its ability to camouflage itself amongst rocks. Instead of swimming away they lying motionless or partially entombed in the sand or mud waiting for the prey, stonefish is found worldwide in tropical and temperate regions , in the reefs and shallow marine waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans it is a live creature (Prentice …show more content…
Death resulting from stone poison less than previously thought on a large scale recent studies have shown that stonefish venom can cause vast liberation and reduction in the number of neurotransmitter, which can cause repression of the function of the neuromuscular (Lyon et al., 2004)., However, in spite of that fish are the most toxic animals distributed across the marine and tropical regions which have a very powerful venom that cause unbearable pains, and has a serious impacts on animals and may cause death in some cases, the prevailing studies shows that the information published about the cytotoxicity of their venom is a few ;it may be due to threat associated with marine creatures compared with terrestrial animals and also due to the instability and insufficiency of the venom, the current research proposal will assess the cytotoxicity and oxidant activity that may result from the venom of the of the
Venom is an general expression indicating to different forms of toxins secreted naturally by living organisms: microbes, plants, or animals.; these animals have developed their behaviors as defense mechanisms or to help them hunt for food by using their venom , or they can be produced synthetically .Toxin acts through two mechanisms either by effecting nervous system or by damaging tissues or organs (Franz et al., 1997). Animal venoms are complicated natural sources of biologically active molecules that affect various vital physiological function, the main toxic substances found in the venom are protein and peptide origin , the complexity of the venom compositions depends on the species that produce venom , venomous animals …show more content…
The existence of these animals differs but many of these animals lives in the warm and shallow waters. Venomous marine animals divides into vertebrates and invertebrates , It is believed that there are at least 200 species of poisonous vertebrate fish distributed throughout the world including stingrays, scorpionfish, stonefish, catfish, that differ in Both the number and severity of injury (Kizer et al., 1983)., venomous fish got the attention of scientists in recent years, and their knowledge of the toxic fish species, the nature and the source of toxins have increased. However, fish is now known to be the most prevailing venomous animal among vertebrate. Stonefish It is one of the most venomous fish known (eg, Synanceia verrucosa, Synanceia hornium and Synanceia nana) belonging to the venomous, dangerous Scorpaenidae family and are members of the Synanceiidae family , It got its name from its ability to camouflage itself amongst rocks. Instead of swimming away they lying motionless or partially entombed in the sand or mud waiting for the prey, stonefish is found worldwide in tropical and temperate regions , in the reefs and shallow marine waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans it is a live creature (Prentice …show more content…
Death resulting from stone poison less than previously thought on a large scale recent studies have shown that stonefish venom can cause vast liberation and reduction in the number of neurotransmitter, which can cause repression of the function of the neuromuscular (Lyon et al., 2004)., However, in spite of that fish are the most toxic animals distributed across the marine and tropical regions which have a very powerful venom that cause unbearable pains, and has a serious impacts on animals and may cause death in some cases, the prevailing studies shows that the information published about the cytotoxicity of their venom is a few ;it may be due to threat associated with marine creatures compared with terrestrial animals and also due to the instability and insufficiency of the venom, the current research proposal will assess the cytotoxicity and oxidant activity that may result from the venom of the of the