Botton states that these notions of being deprived are not absurd once one considers that we gauge our own status based on the standings of our peers; if they possess even slightly more than we do, we begin to feel inadequate (25, 26). He theorizes that if one person becomes more advantaged than the rest of us, we may be lead to question ourselves in the desire for understanding why we were the ones cursed to be at a disadvantage (Botton, 26). That said, we are not envious of all of our peers; we are only troubled by the statuses of those who we elect to compare ourselves to (Botton, 27). Thus, more people we consider as our close peers, the more we have potential to be insecure about (Botton, 27). However, if our medieval counterparts could look upon us, they would think our envy to be absurd, since most people in that era (excluding royalty) lived in relatively equal standings. …show more content…
They anticipated little to begin with, and according to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, they must have been content with what they had (qted. In Botton 43-44). To expand upon this, Botton states that it is a recent notion that systematic inequality is unfair, and that the rise of Christianity enforced the concept that people must obey an unchangeable social hierarchy--even though Jesus’s words promoted equality--as church officials thought this closely resembled the “celestial kingdom (Botton, 28).” Questioning this hierarchy was to question God Himself. Moreover, faith has taken on a new meaning in today’s world; those that believe in an afterlife are not as pressured to improve their status as skeptics are, the pressure to achieve everything possible significantly increases for the latter group, as such accomplishments are the “sum total of all that one will ever amount to (37).” While the revolutions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries did increase humanity’s overall material wealth and decreased deprivation, the new ideas that flourished along with them brought “psychological anguish,” according to Botton, and much of this agony can be blamed on the rise of the self-help genre; literary icons such as Benjamin Franklin et al. …show more content…
contributed to this genre (Botton, 38, 39). These books birthed the notion that anyone can rise above their own station, while medieval and more ancient civilizations had much lower expectations (27-28). Botton cites Thomas Hobbes’s The Leviathan--a text instrumental to the ideologies of this period-- when he states that “the individual predated society.” However, with new forms of government taking hold, it was necessary for citizens to give up some of their individual rights in order for these societies to function as best as they could. With Hobbes’s book also mobilized the notion that governments appeal to the masses by appealing to their desire for self-improvement and upward mobility (30-31). The