Beta Alanine Beta Alanine is a dietary supplement that is designed to mimic the action of the non-essential amino acid alanine that is produced naturally in the healthy body. The body to produce proteins uses amino acids. The body uses alanine to convert sugar to energy and eliminate toxins from the body. Beta alanine is the manufactured nutritional performance supplement that helps the body produce more energy and eliminate fatigue experienced by athletes.…
The main purpose of this experiment is to perform the Grignard reaction and synthesize, extract, purify and characterize the product of triphenylmethanol. The Grignard reagent was first synthesized using a nucleophilic addition reaction. The Grignard adduct was then hydrolyzed to form triphenylmethanol. The organic layer was extracted using diethyl ether, petroleum ether, brine and a separatory funnel. The theoretical percent yield was first calculated by finding the limiting reagent for this reaction.…
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the stereochemistry of the electrophilic addition using (E)-Stilbene, a trans-isomer of ethylene. Bromine was added and reacted with (E)-Stilbene to form an alkene. A product was made with both a meso-stilbene dibromide and a d/l-stilbene dibromide, which is trans-stilbene dibromide. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION For the reaction to form these two different compounds with the same starting reactants, the double bond of (E)-Stilbene has to attack one bromide.…
The purpose of this experiment, Free Radical Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane, is to examine the influence of the molecular structure on the reactivity of an alkane in a free-radical chlorination using the technique of gas chromatography. In this experiment, 1-chlorobutane was used to react with sulfuryl chloride in order to produce four isometric dichlorobutanes. The percent compositions of the four isometric dichlorobutanes are 8.34% for 1,1 dichlorobutane, 21.30% for 1,2 dichlorobutane, 44.50% for 1,3 dichlorobutane, and 25.86% for 1,4 dichlorobutane. The Relative Reactivities per hydrogen of the C-1, C-2, and C-3 positions in 1-chlorobutane compared to the C-4 position was 0.48: 1.24: 2.58: 1. These results show us that the primary hydrogens…
Drug Project The drug that was chosen to be written on was Ketamine. Its chemical name known as Ketamine Hydrochloride. This certain drug is sold under the brand name of Ketalar. It is known as a Schedule III here in the US.…
Crystal methamphetamine is a stimulant drug, which speeds up the messages traveling from the brain to your body faster than usual. It's stronger and more addictive than other drugs, which means it has a more harmful effect on the human body than other drugs do. Crystal methamphetamine usually comes in a chunky clear crystal that looks like ice It can also come as white or brownish crystal-like powder with a strong smell and bitter taste. Ice is used by placing the substance in a glass pipe, heating it, and inhaling the resulting vapors. The vapors enter the bloodstream directly through the lungs and are rapidly transported to the brain.…
Ketamine an anesthetic known for being a drug club, for recreational uses, but it has a new off-label use, as an antidepressant. Ketamine currently lacks approval from the FDA, but some psychiatrist are trying ketamine to help their patients who suffer from extreme depression. Often the patients do not have any other options to treat depression, often, traditional antidepressants are unable to assist in the relief of depression. Ketamine now offers patients with hope with treating depression.…
Purpose The purpose of this lab was to separate unknown compound 204, composed of an amine, a carboxylic acid, and a neutral component, into each of its three respective states. The unknown compound was separated using microscale separation of acidic, basic, and neutral components by liquid/liquid extraction. Liquid/liquid extraction is a very common method often used in work-ups and allows for isolation of neutral components using acid/base chemistry; this method is extremely helpful in separating reactants and products of a synthesis. The components were purified and dried by evaporation and vacuum filtration.…
Experiment 5 Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopy of ethyl cinnamate Introduction: Wittig reactions involve the stereoselective synthesis of olefins from phosphonium ylides and aldehydes or ketones, where the carbonyl bond is converted to an alkene double bond.1 The variety of suitable reagents and the relatively mild experimental conditions facilitate their industrial applications, such as the synthesis of epoxides, esters, carotenoids and vitamin A.2,3 Specifically, the ester ethyl cinnamate is used as a flavouring agent and in perfumes. The diastereomers of the alkene are distinguished through Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, where the coupling constants of alkenyl protons are different for (E) and (Z) isomers.4…
Ketamine is classified as a general anesthetic, and has conventionally been used as such since its FDA approval in 19701. It is a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist that blocks glutamate and produces a cataleptic state, or a state of trance or seizure with a loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied by rigidity of the body. It dissociates the limbic and thalamocortical systems, effectively dissociating the CNS from outside stimuli. Per the manufacturer’s package insert, it is to be dosed by weight and can be administered as IM and IV injections. Ketamine’s clinical and evidence-based use is detailed in the American College of Emergency Physician’s…
According to the DEA ( Drug Enforcement Administration) a schedule lll drug is drugs, substances or chemicals with a moderate potential for physical and higher psychological dependence. One of these many schedule lll drugs is Ketamine. A few common street names Ketamine is known by is Cat Tranquilizer, Jet, Kit Kat, Purple K and Special La Coke. This paper examines the historical origins of ketamine, its present use today, and the future of Ketamine. This drug is typically packaged with most common house hold items- small plastic baggies, aluminum foil folds but all so in glass vials and capsules.…
Ketamine shows an excellent short term response rate when utilized as a series of treatments, especially when compared to traditional antidepressant response rates within the same time period (Zhang et al., 2015). This research seems to indicate that there are statistically significant response to ketamine as an anti-depressant for use in patients with depressive disorders (Lee, Della Selva, Liu and Himerlhoch, 2015), but there are several issues that restrict its use. The most prominent issue of this treatment is the relatively short lived nature of the therapeutic effect of ketamine on a majority of patients, with a small outlying group of patients that showed longer term benefit; often months long benefit (Murrough et al, 2013). This short…
One important aspect of organic chemistry is the synthesis of new compounds. It is also important for chemists to understand how to perform certain techniques, such as extraction and distillation, to produce the new products, which are usually drugs and cures for illnesses. In this experiment, n-butyl bromide was produced. n-Butyl bromide is an alkyl halide, which are usually synthesized by an alcohol and an acid. In the case of n-butyl bromide, n-butyl alcohol was used along with sodium bromide and sulfuric acid.…
These two steps were already carried out and 4 amino-phenol was the amine used in the first part of this experiment. 4 amino phenol and acetic anhydride undergo a nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction. A reaction mechanism is a step-by-step process when reactant molecules change in their geometry in order to produce new products. This occurs due to omission or addition of reagents, where bonds are broken down to form new ones4. 4 amino-phenol contains two functional groups, an OH and a NH2 group attached to a benzene ring while acetic anhydride is a derivative of a carboxylic acid group.…
Benzocaine was synthesized from p-toluidine in a four step synthesis. Each intermediate product, including N-acetyl-p-toluidine, p-acetamidobenzoic acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid, was checked for yield, presence, and purity through weighing, taking IR and NMR spectrums, and determining the melting point. Thin Layer Chromatography was used to ensure the completion of the final reaction from p-aminobenzoic acid to benzocaine. The yield of the first step from p-toluidine to N-acetyl-p-toluidine was 91.9%. The yield of the second step from N-acetyl-p-toluidine to p-acetamidobenzoic acid was 49.85% The yield of the third step from p-acetamidobenzoic acid to p-aminobenzoic acid was 32.49%, which was not enough to continue so some product was borrowed…