This gives confirmation that one of the effects of the modern day running shoe is to increase joint torques at each of the 3 lower extremity joints. It is hypothesized that these increases are due to the elevated heel and arch support (Kerrigan, Todd, & Riley, 1998). Research observed a 36% increase in the knee flexion torque with modern day running shoes which potentially increases the load of the quadriceps muscle, increases strain through the patella tendon, and increases pressure across the patellofemoral joint (Reilly, & Martens, 1972). Furthermore, the large increase in the hip internal rotation torque, 54%, may lead to high clinical relevance, since previous findings show that competitive running may increase the risk of osteoarthritis of the hip joint (Schmitt, Rohs, Schneider, & Clarius, 2006).…