Reward Pathway

Decent Essays
I consider that you have presented a good argument related to your selected topic. Your argument related to food, especially carbohidrates, and addiction has been well supported by many scholars. If your are going to consider addiction and neurological processes, I would advise you to consider the reward pathway theory (also called the mesolimbic pathway). Many researchers suggests that several types of addictions have similar brain patterns as in the case of drug addictions. To explain the reward pathway, it is important to understand the function of several brain structures: the ventral tegmental area (VTA), amygdala, nucleus accumbens (NA), the prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus (Garrett, 2011).

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is where dopanime originates, and it is widely considered to be involved in drug addiction, intense emotions (e.g. love), and many psychiatric disorders (Desai, 2014; Ungless, Magill, & Bolam, 2004). The amygdala is in charge of emotions;
…show more content…
drugs, food, gambling, etc.) serve as a stimulus to receive a reward. When the body receives any of these stimulus, it would perceive it as pleasurable; consequently, the person will be prone to engage on the behavior again (Desai, 2014). It is important to highlight that as dopanime secretion increases, serotonin decreases; and serotonin is in part repnsible of feelings of cessation. The study conducted by Skibicka and colleagues (2012) might be an article that might also assit you on your project. They found that ghrelin (a gut-derived orexigenic hormone) delivery, significantly enhance an animal amount of work to obtain sucrose (carbohydrate found in many plants and plant parts) reward. They also argue that their findings are paired with the hypothesis that an essential role of the central ghrelin signaling system is to increase the motivation of rewards, including food.
I have included this link that might help you understand the mesolimbic reward pathway. I wish you the

Related Documents

  • Improved Essays

    As some people develop addictions to drugs, and not others, it’s interesting to think about why. Robinson and Berridge go into many complex neurological explanations for this issue, mainly involving animals, but that can, however, carry over into humans. Why certain people can start taking an addictive drug and stop when they so choose, and why others cannot, is interesting to think about. As no two people are the same, there’s obviously not a single, distinctive way to determine a definite cause. It is interesting that both negative and positive reinforcement had been considered as possible descriptions for drug addictions, as they would appear to be opposites.…

    • 254 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Great Essays

    5). Amongst other factors, an individual’s dopamine levels are a big contributor to the reason a person continues to use and abuse drugs (Nutt, 2012, p. 139). Since dopamine levels stimulate the reward and pleasure areas of a person’s brain, when a drug is taken and their dopamine levels spike up, they will feel immense happiness and pleasure. However, what comes up must come down, and like all other things, their dopamine levels will go back down (Nutt, p. 139). During the “come down”, the individual will experience depression –like symptoms and the brain will start to recognize and associate happiness with the drug that they are taking.…

    • 1772 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Moreover, normally this communication process between the midbrain and cortex enables the brain to recognize and learn things in the environment that are good for survival (Pleasure Unwoven, 2016). Clients want to know if they remain abstinence how will their cravings subside and will they ever feel normal. The disease model is initially characterized by some people are predisposition to addiction due to their brain’s altered structure and functioning.…

    • 1174 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Dopamine is the main reward pathway as well as being a hormone it’s the main factor that impacts an individuals feeling of pleasure. However, when taking a drug this can work in place of the chemical neurotransmitter, therefore interfering with the balance of this chemical to make it imbalanced and therefore disrupting behavior of the typical neural communication. An example of this is the use of conventional antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia, these bind to dopamine receptors but don’t actually stimulate them and consequently because of this these are known as antagonists, this therefore has the effect that it reduces stimulation of dopamine particularly in D2 receptors; doing this reduces the amount of dopamine transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron decreasing and by doing this it therefore stops the brain receiving this excess of dopamine delaying the effects which is thought to cause schizophrenia when there is an excess eliminating the symptoms (Wiley & Sons,…

    • 1449 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    There are several explanations for substance abuse and dependence, however the DSM-V explains that disorders arising from drug use are caused by the activation of the brain’s reward system (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Addiction occurs when a drug causes increased dopamine release in the mesolimbic pathway, thus activating the reward system (Arias-Carrion, Stamelou, Rodrigues, Gonzalez, & Poppel, 2010). This activation increases the feelings of pleasure and euphoria, leading to a desire, and eventually a need for repeated stimulation. The reward feeling experienced from the use of certain substances can be so intense that a person may neglect normal activities or routine, in favour of using the…

    • 871 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Cocaine, Heroin, sugar, and fat all trigger the same part of the brain; which is also the part of the brain that reward is triggered in. With that being said, fat and sugar is just as addictive as heroin and cocaine, as is reward. Dr. Nadine Burke said it best in her blog “Nourish”,” What makes me nervous is,... all these kids who developed diabetes when they were fifteen [due to fast food addictions], and now they’re forty and they can’t work anymore…”…

    • 1409 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Addiction is not a disease. This is something Marc Lewis touches on frequently in his talk during the last day of the Nobel Conference. He points out that the people calling addiction a disease are not the bad guys, they probably do not understand what addiction really is. And that is what Marc Lewis wants to help clear up; what exactly is addiction? One of the problems that causes misconception about addiction is that there are many different models of addiction.…

    • 1144 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Abstract Drug addiction is often characterized as being a complex brain disease that causes compulsive, uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking and use without any regards to the consequences they may bring upon themselves, or society. If the brain is exposed to these large amounts of dopamine on the reward system, it will inevitably develop a tolerance to the current dopamine levels, which it is receiving, lessening the pleasure the user will experience Addiction: Society’s Epidemic Drugs are everywhere and everybody knows somebody who has used or uses drugs, whether the user is a friend, family member or a celebrity. Due to drugs being everywhere, that means so are the effects of drugs. The fastest growing problem in America today is the…

    • 1339 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    The Lhb In Depression

    • 399 Words
    • 2 Pages

    The modulatory function of the LHb in depression is intensively investigated by neuroscientists at the moment. The LHb is a structure located ventral in the diencephalon at the stalk of the pineal gland and is thought to be a regulator of monoaminergic brain regions (Geisler et al., 2008). The misregulation of monoamines in the brain is tightly connected to the altered neurotransmission seen in depression, this is known as the monoaminergic theory of depression (Skolnick, 2002). More specifically, 5-HT deficiency may impair antidepressant responses (Sachs et al., 2015). The hyperactivity of the LHb is associated with depression (Wirtshafter et al., 1994).…

    • 399 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Decent Essays

    Too Much Sugar Sugar is a large problem across the world. Sugar is noteworthy as a substance that releases opioids and dopamine which might be expected to have addictive potential. Which makes “Food addiction” seems plausible because brain pathways that evolved to respond to natural rewards are also activated by addictive drugs. The evidence supports the hypothesis that under certain circumstances rats can become sugar dependent. This may translate to some human conditions as suggested by the literature on eating disorders and obesity.…

    • 297 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Decent Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Briefly describe and critically evaluate one or more models of addictive behaviour. Models of addictive behaviour aim to explain the initiation, maintenance and relapse of addictive behaviour. The Biological Model and The Cognitive Model are two that aim to do this. The biological model describes addiction as being a disease and enforces the idea that the addiction can’t be reversed even with treatment.…

    • 1231 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    In The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, She faced the terrible problem of alcoholism just like some people in today’s society. Alcoholism is still a problem in society today. Her dad went through some hard times which made him dependent on alcohol. Alcoholism is one of the most things people label as addictive. People turn to alcohol like it is the only thing that can help them; they say it clears the mind and comforts them.…

    • 1399 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Rat Park Research Paper

    • 783 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Every year, a huge amount of money is used to pay for treatments, or even worse, to buy drugs. That’s why many scientists have conducted experiments and research in order to understand more about drug addiction, its causes, and how to get rid of it. Lauren Slater, in the chapter “Rat Park,” writes about some experiments made since the 1960s about drug addiction and the causes that lead to it. In these research studies, some argue that drug addiction is caused by the brain, others that drugs are inherently addictive.…

    • 783 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Decent Essays

    Advances in neuroscience today prove the physiological changes that happen when a brain is addicted to drugs. -This is why addicts can not make the right choice and usually can not quit even when the threat of incarceration, loosing a job, or even loosing family is apparent. VII. Conclusion – In conclusion the choice to start taking drugs is left up to the person at hand.…

    • 732 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Decent Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Reward Function Case Study

    • 1232 Words
    • 5 Pages

    3.5 Definition of the Reward Function The term “reward” generally refers to the measurable merit of an activated action. The purpose of the reward function is to measure the effectiveness of a classifier in stabilizing the bicycle, i.e. bringing the bicycle back to its upright position from a near fall position. The problem, however, is that in our case the reward of an activated action could not be immediately calculated, as the calculation requires knowledge of the system’s response which occurs with a delay. Consider, for example, the case with as input.…

    • 1232 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays