To study the tolerability of the analgesic autoinjector in the non-rodents( rabbit) by analysing biochemical parameters.
8.1 Introduction
The objective of drug discovery and drug delivery system is to treat infections and particularly pain and suffering during the ailments and thereby maintaining a healthy human population. Any development in medical field is evaluated using a variety of clinical procedures prior introducing to humans. In pharmacological research, animal usage has become a major part in evaluating the developed drug or the technique. Various animals ranging from zebra fish to non-human primates are used for the research purpose. The statistics of animals used for the research may include 96% for rats, 19% for guinea pig, 18% …show more content…
About 1 mL of water was removed from the cartridge under a laminar flow using a sterile disposable syringe. The weight of the cartridge was noted and 1 mL of buprenorphine as buprenorphine hydrochloride was injected into the cartridge and reweighed. Each cartridge contained 0.153 mg/mL(1*0.3/2.35) of buprenorphine. The prepared cartridges were stored at room temperature away from dust and direct light, till use.
8.2.2 Animals : The New Zealand White rabbits of both sex (1.75-2.25 kg), bred and maintained at Centre for Laboratory Animal and Research (CLAR) of Saveetha University were used for the study .The rabbits were housed in stainless steel cages(1 per cage).The animals were fed with laboratory animal feed and purified water ad libitum. Maintance and care of the animals were according to the guidelines of “Committee for the Purpose of Control and supervision of Experiments on animals (CPSCEA, India).This study has been approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Saveetha …show more content…
An alteration in the liver enzymes indicates liver damage. Usually when an injury is produced in the liver there is an increase in the concentration of serum enzymes. AST and ALT are mainly concentrated in larger proportion in liver.AST is also found in the heart, skeletal muscles. kidney, brain and red blood cells.ALT is in a minor amount present in skeletal muscle and kidney. In the case of liver damage, the ALT concentration in serum is more specific than AST. Depending upon the injury there is an increase in concentration of several fold of AST and ALT (Gowda et al,2009). In the case of an ischemic injury and toxic injury there is an increase in AST level than ALT (Giannini et al, 2005). There may be various reasons for the liver damage and kidney damage. Drug induced, radiation therapy induced, herbal product induced which shows an increase in the liver enzymes in the experimental animals (Ennulat et al., Payasi, et al., Nwokocha et al and Savithri, et al). In the present study the use of the developed analgesic autoinjector showed the absence of significant increase in AST and ALT which may indicate the absence of liver injury. The other enzymes like ALP, GGT and bilirubin levels were used as an indicative of liver injury with prevalent cholestatic pattern(Giannini et al,2005). There is an elevation in ALP when there is liver and bone disease.ALP may be present in
8.1 Introduction
The objective of drug discovery and drug delivery system is to treat infections and particularly pain and suffering during the ailments and thereby maintaining a healthy human population. Any development in medical field is evaluated using a variety of clinical procedures prior introducing to humans. In pharmacological research, animal usage has become a major part in evaluating the developed drug or the technique. Various animals ranging from zebra fish to non-human primates are used for the research purpose. The statistics of animals used for the research may include 96% for rats, 19% for guinea pig, 18% …show more content…
About 1 mL of water was removed from the cartridge under a laminar flow using a sterile disposable syringe. The weight of the cartridge was noted and 1 mL of buprenorphine as buprenorphine hydrochloride was injected into the cartridge and reweighed. Each cartridge contained 0.153 mg/mL(1*0.3/2.35) of buprenorphine. The prepared cartridges were stored at room temperature away from dust and direct light, till use.
8.2.2 Animals : The New Zealand White rabbits of both sex (1.75-2.25 kg), bred and maintained at Centre for Laboratory Animal and Research (CLAR) of Saveetha University were used for the study .The rabbits were housed in stainless steel cages(1 per cage).The animals were fed with laboratory animal feed and purified water ad libitum. Maintance and care of the animals were according to the guidelines of “Committee for the Purpose of Control and supervision of Experiments on animals (CPSCEA, India).This study has been approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of Saveetha …show more content…
An alteration in the liver enzymes indicates liver damage. Usually when an injury is produced in the liver there is an increase in the concentration of serum enzymes. AST and ALT are mainly concentrated in larger proportion in liver.AST is also found in the heart, skeletal muscles. kidney, brain and red blood cells.ALT is in a minor amount present in skeletal muscle and kidney. In the case of liver damage, the ALT concentration in serum is more specific than AST. Depending upon the injury there is an increase in concentration of several fold of AST and ALT (Gowda et al,2009). In the case of an ischemic injury and toxic injury there is an increase in AST level than ALT (Giannini et al, 2005). There may be various reasons for the liver damage and kidney damage. Drug induced, radiation therapy induced, herbal product induced which shows an increase in the liver enzymes in the experimental animals (Ennulat et al., Payasi, et al., Nwokocha et al and Savithri, et al). In the present study the use of the developed analgesic autoinjector showed the absence of significant increase in AST and ALT which may indicate the absence of liver injury. The other enzymes like ALP, GGT and bilirubin levels were used as an indicative of liver injury with prevalent cholestatic pattern(Giannini et al,2005). There is an elevation in ALP when there is liver and bone disease.ALP may be present in