From there, anhydrous sodium sulfate was used to pull any remaining water left and gravity filtration was performed to filter out the anhydrous product. The dichloromethane was then transferred and evaporated in a filter flask using a vacuum and it was done over low heat as to not evaporate any important things in the crude…
One of the proposed ways to improve the separation of the two chemicals was to increase the volume of methanol used to elute in this step1.…
The precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration and recrystallized from ethanol (96%). Both starting and product…
This step means that the cyclohexane/iodine is clearly separated from the impure aqueous layer (it will be obvious because the top layers strong purple colour and the bottom layer clear colour). You must make sure you allow the two layers to separate, if they do not completely separate or the colours are incorrect then the experiment will have to be started again. 7.…
In this experiment, pinacol was mixed with sulfuric acid, which protonated the pinacol, allowing it to form a better leaving group. Water is the leaving group off of the pinacol and the pinacol becomes a carbocation. The carbocation that is formed is a secondary carbocation so, rearrangement occurs. A methyl shift happens to form a tertiary carbocation, which is more stable than a secondary carbocation. Then, the remaining oxygen forms a double bond causing it to have a positive charge; allowing the carbon that had a positive charge to have a full octet and to be neutral.…
Hot plate 4. Scoopula 5. Electronic balance 6. Glass rod 7. 3g hydrated copper(II) sulfate 8.…
Eventually these substances are passed over a vacuum filter to remove the water leaving only the high-grade solids which are loaded into trucks and sent for further treatment. All material that didn’t become froth is known as tailings (slurry with a low gold concentration) and goes to a large storage dam, but first must go through a process called CIL (step 5). 4. Roasting: Solids are mixed with water to make slurry that is pumped into 2 large roasters. Here the substance is put under a very high temperature (over 600 degrees Celsius) to convert the concentrated from flotation into a red calcine.…
Annotated Bibliography Li, Yuehui, Kathrin Junge, and Matthias Beller. “Improving the Efficiency Of The Hydrogenation of Carbonates and Carbon Dioxide to Methanol.” Chemcatchem 5.5 (2013): 1072-1074. Academic Search Complete. Web.…
The scatterplot above demonstrates the volume of distillate produce in milliliter versus temperature in Celsius. The squares represent the acetate, the triangle represent the mixture of acetate and toluene, and the diamonds represent the toluene. On the graph, roughly two plateaus can be seen at temperatures around 58 ℃ and 105 ℃. Acetate boiling point is 56.05 ℃ and toluene is 111 ℃. These two temperatures are approximately in the ranges of the boiling point acetone and toluene meaning that the fractional distillation was efficient because the distillate was pure for both compounds.…
Fractional distillation is a common method for separating components of a mixture by utilizing their boiling points to aid in the separation. As a mixture is heated, the component with the lower boiling point in the mixture vaporize, while the higher boiling point component will remain in solution. These vapors will rise to a cooler area where they will condense and this liquid will then be collected; this is known as the distillate. Eventually, the lower boiling component will boil off, and the higher boiling point component will begin to travel up into the condenser as the temperature reaches the boiling point of the second component. As the second distillate is collected, it will mostly contain the higher-boiling component.…
Separation of kaolin and the filtrate is carried out by means of filtered. To remove the rest of the Cl-who remain washed kaolin, use akuades. The presence of Cl-on kaolin can be known by adding a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in the filtrate proceeds laundering. The chloride anion should be eliminated from kaolin as it will interfere with an overhaul of the structure of kaolin by NaOH. When Clen-not removed it will react with NaOH to form…
To improve the yield of the ester the reaction should be heated using a high temperature. This would favour the formation of the products in this reaction, as the formation of an ester (esterification) is an endothermic reaction. Thus use of a high temperature will push the equilibrium to the right hand side, and a larger yield of the ester will be produced. To improve the yield of the Ester the reaction mixture could be refluxed for longer period of time so that more reactants are converted into products, and hence a sufficient heating period so that equilibrium can be established, and thus a larger yield of the ester can be formed. This would also allow the particles in the reaction to gain sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier for successful collision to produce the ester.…
The solution was poured into the waste bin under the hood and the flask was cleaned with distilled…
Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory was to synthesize isopentyl acetate, commonly known as banana oil, in a reaction of methanol and isopentyl alcohol catalyzed by sulfuric acid. Through this Fischer esterification reaction, it was possible to learn about using a Reflux condenser to run a reaction as well as purifying the product through various washes and extractions along with simple distillation. In addition, the product of the experiment was carefully analyzed based upon boiling point, physical characteristics, IR and 1H NMR. The overall objective was to successfully isolate the product of isopentyl acetate and observe the purity of this product.…
The melting points of each sample was then observed…