Roles of Leadership and Relationships to Land of Pueblo and Iroquois Native Americans Prior to the American Revolution
Pueblo and Iroquois Indians that resided in the Southwest and Northeast respectively had very rich and diverse cultures that involved trade and complex religious beliefs that influenced their roles of leadership and relationships to land. Roles of leaders in both Pueblo and Iroquois societies included religion, trade, diplomacy, and after colonization began, resistance. There was much that distinguished the two tribes, the biggest factor being geography. Relationships to land greatly varied due to the fact that the land itself was extremely different and could be utilized to achieve unique goals, but there were many resemblances. …show more content…
(Calloway, 28), long before the colonization of the Spanish in the Southwest, the Pueblo civilization in Chaco Canyon prospered as a center for population, ceremony, and trade (Calloway, 62). Turquoise was exchanged for goods such as corn, birds, feathers, and cacao from Mexico, California, the Rocky Mountains, and Central America (Calloway, 28). The extreme distances between these locations, exemplifying their resilience and advancement as a society. Much later, long after the fall of Chaco Canyon and Pueblo Bonito, around 1500, Pecos Pueblo served as a center of commerce between the hunter gatherer populations of the Great Plains and the agricultural societies of the Rio Grande valley (Calloway, 26). Trade and commerce was essential to the lives of the Iroquois tribes as well. The Great League of Peace and the Iroquois Confederacy led to a unified society and this promoted the exchanging of goods between groups (Calloway, 53). Within this Confederacy, they valued both their unity and their diversity so diplomacy and negotiation would have been critical to their societies. Post-colonization, trade was a significant aspect of both Pueblo and Iroquois roles of leadership as well. The Spanish took Pueblo food surpluses and disturbed trade relationships that had been maintained for years with the Plains Apaches (Calloway, 26). For the Iroquois, the introduction of firearms was transformative. They sought out and traded for guns so that they could fight …show more content…
The Spanish brutally treated the Pueblos. They persecuted the Natives’ religious practices, abused their women, whipped people, demanded corn and labor, and brought new diseases and famines (Calloway, 88). The Pueblo population declined from 100,000 to 17,000 in just 80 years because of the invasion of the Spanish (Calloway, 88). The Pueblo tried to maintain balance in their world by recovering and performing ancient rituals, but this only led to even more oppression. In 1675, they hung three Pueblo religious leaders and this, combined with the other atrocities that had been committed against them, proved too much. In what is known as the Pueblo War of Independence, tribes banded together and organized to cut off the water supply to Santa Fe (Calloway, 89). It was a success; the Pueblo liberated their land, but only briefly. They were soon reconquered and their revolts this time were significantly less effectual. They resisted subtly after the Pueblo War of Independence, and showed their resistance quietly by joining other communities or maintaining their cultures under the radar (Calloway, 89). Spanish colonialism disrupted the Pueblo way of life, and induced great violence and suffering (Calloway, 223), but it shaped the Southwest by bringing together both Indian and Hispanic people and their respective cultures (Calloway, 89). The Iroquois populations
Pueblo and Iroquois Indians that resided in the Southwest and Northeast respectively had very rich and diverse cultures that involved trade and complex religious beliefs that influenced their roles of leadership and relationships to land. Roles of leaders in both Pueblo and Iroquois societies included religion, trade, diplomacy, and after colonization began, resistance. There was much that distinguished the two tribes, the biggest factor being geography. Relationships to land greatly varied due to the fact that the land itself was extremely different and could be utilized to achieve unique goals, but there were many resemblances. …show more content…
(Calloway, 28), long before the colonization of the Spanish in the Southwest, the Pueblo civilization in Chaco Canyon prospered as a center for population, ceremony, and trade (Calloway, 62). Turquoise was exchanged for goods such as corn, birds, feathers, and cacao from Mexico, California, the Rocky Mountains, and Central America (Calloway, 28). The extreme distances between these locations, exemplifying their resilience and advancement as a society. Much later, long after the fall of Chaco Canyon and Pueblo Bonito, around 1500, Pecos Pueblo served as a center of commerce between the hunter gatherer populations of the Great Plains and the agricultural societies of the Rio Grande valley (Calloway, 26). Trade and commerce was essential to the lives of the Iroquois tribes as well. The Great League of Peace and the Iroquois Confederacy led to a unified society and this promoted the exchanging of goods between groups (Calloway, 53). Within this Confederacy, they valued both their unity and their diversity so diplomacy and negotiation would have been critical to their societies. Post-colonization, trade was a significant aspect of both Pueblo and Iroquois roles of leadership as well. The Spanish took Pueblo food surpluses and disturbed trade relationships that had been maintained for years with the Plains Apaches (Calloway, 26). For the Iroquois, the introduction of firearms was transformative. They sought out and traded for guns so that they could fight …show more content…
The Spanish brutally treated the Pueblos. They persecuted the Natives’ religious practices, abused their women, whipped people, demanded corn and labor, and brought new diseases and famines (Calloway, 88). The Pueblo population declined from 100,000 to 17,000 in just 80 years because of the invasion of the Spanish (Calloway, 88). The Pueblo tried to maintain balance in their world by recovering and performing ancient rituals, but this only led to even more oppression. In 1675, they hung three Pueblo religious leaders and this, combined with the other atrocities that had been committed against them, proved too much. In what is known as the Pueblo War of Independence, tribes banded together and organized to cut off the water supply to Santa Fe (Calloway, 89). It was a success; the Pueblo liberated their land, but only briefly. They were soon reconquered and their revolts this time were significantly less effectual. They resisted subtly after the Pueblo War of Independence, and showed their resistance quietly by joining other communities or maintaining their cultures under the radar (Calloway, 89). Spanish colonialism disrupted the Pueblo way of life, and induced great violence and suffering (Calloway, 223), but it shaped the Southwest by bringing together both Indian and Hispanic people and their respective cultures (Calloway, 89). The Iroquois populations