Post Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with approximately 2 million reported TBI events in the US annually. The pathology of TBI is a highly complex process with both initial mechanical injury and delayed mechanisms. Primary injuries directly damage the neurons, axons, dendrites, glia and blood vessels in a focal, multifocal, or diffuse pattern. Primary injuries initiate a secondary, dynamic series of complex cellular, inflammatory, mitochondrial, neurochemical and metabolic alterations{Schubert:2012eb, Daneshvar:2015ts}. Animal experimental studies and clinical data both indicate that an initial brain pathology appears to be the dysfunction or disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB){Shlosberg:2010dp, Lasting:0tk, Tomkins:2011jy}. Rupture of the BBB leads to the release of tbi intracellular …show more content…
Autoimmunity is the immune system over activity that begin producing antibodies to attack the body’s own tissues instead of fighting infections. The most common evidence of autoimmune response post TBI was reported as hypothalamic-pituitary autoimmunity (APA){Guaraldi:2015bc}. Recently, autoimmunity trigged by other released GFAP, MBP, S100b and glutamate receptor have been observed in human TBI{Cox:2006wo, Sorokina:2009ud, Zhang:2014ju}. Although an increasing evidences show post-TBI autoimmunity by detecting some brain specific autoantibodies in preclinical and clinical studies, it is still a less explored area of autoimmunity. In this review, we first discuss how the autoimmunity is triggered in TBI and summarize the current self-antigens. We further focus on the TBI-generated brain specific antigens based on animal research and clinical studies as well as the possibility strategy of biofluid-based TBI diagnosis. Last we also discuss the characteristics of these autoantibodies post