Development is a broad spontaneous process that results in the continual addition, modification and recognition of psychological structures. piagets(1936) was the first psychologists to make a systematic study of cognitive development . His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children , and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities.
There are some basic components of piagets mental development theory. such as
Adaptation: Adaptation is the individual’s adjustment to the environment. Adaptation is a continuous process of interacting with the environment, leads to the development of schemas.
Schema: It is a mental structure that provides …show more content…
1. Sensorimotor stage(0-2)years: In this period, intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols. Knowledge of the world is limited because it is based on the physical interactions and experiences. Some symbolic abilities are developed at te end of this stage. There are some characteristics of this stage such as lack of goal directedness, accomodatory change in structure, focuses on his own body and no differences between own and external world. It has 6 sub stages
2. Pre-operational stage (2-7) years: It is called action oriented stage. Action means operation or movement. The important features of this stage are, no longer bound by perceptual experience and go beyond what environment offers, progressing sensorimotor type of intelligence to symbolic type of intelligence, language development and sequence arranging .But there exists three limitation such as egocentrism, centration, irreversibility.
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11) years: The important characteristics of this stage are, inability to assume other perspective, thinking become less restricted by egocentrism, concrete sequential problems are learnt to solve And dramatic transition from illogically based thought to logical …show more content…
Vygotsky and Bruner preferred development as a continuous process rather than any stages. Others have objection about the age limits of the stages. Some studies shows that formal operational stages is not guaranteed. Keating (1979) reported that around 60 of students fail at this stage. He also neglected the effect of social and cultural settings in the process of development. Another basic criticism of his methods was , it was more open to biased than other methods as he only collected data on the base of his own subjective interpretation. Vygotsky and Bruner also criticize his schema theory as it can not be observed because of it’s being a internal process. According to hughges , he underestimated the ability of children’s as sometimes his tests were confusing and difficult
There are some basic components of piagets mental development theory. such as
Adaptation: Adaptation is the individual’s adjustment to the environment. Adaptation is a continuous process of interacting with the environment, leads to the development of schemas.
Schema: It is a mental structure that provides …show more content…
1. Sensorimotor stage(0-2)years: In this period, intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols. Knowledge of the world is limited because it is based on the physical interactions and experiences. Some symbolic abilities are developed at te end of this stage. There are some characteristics of this stage such as lack of goal directedness, accomodatory change in structure, focuses on his own body and no differences between own and external world. It has 6 sub stages
2. Pre-operational stage (2-7) years: It is called action oriented stage. Action means operation or movement. The important features of this stage are, no longer bound by perceptual experience and go beyond what environment offers, progressing sensorimotor type of intelligence to symbolic type of intelligence, language development and sequence arranging .But there exists three limitation such as egocentrism, centration, irreversibility.
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11) years: The important characteristics of this stage are, inability to assume other perspective, thinking become less restricted by egocentrism, concrete sequential problems are learnt to solve And dramatic transition from illogically based thought to logical …show more content…
Vygotsky and Bruner preferred development as a continuous process rather than any stages. Others have objection about the age limits of the stages. Some studies shows that formal operational stages is not guaranteed. Keating (1979) reported that around 60 of students fail at this stage. He also neglected the effect of social and cultural settings in the process of development. Another basic criticism of his methods was , it was more open to biased than other methods as he only collected data on the base of his own subjective interpretation. Vygotsky and Bruner also criticize his schema theory as it can not be observed because of it’s being a internal process. According to hughges , he underestimated the ability of children’s as sometimes his tests were confusing and difficult