2. Describe the pathophysiology of COPD
Patients with COPD are always associated with smoking. This diease is develops from prolonged exposure through inhalation of harmful or poisonous particles such as nicotines from smoking, dust, fumes and air pollutions. These irritants can stimulate the inflammation of airways and irritates the lungs. (Lewis et al., 2014 p732). When this irritants is being inhaled, the cilia in the lungs are damaged that causes persistent cough and increase mucus production which cause airflow obstruction (Lewis et al., 2014 p 735). As COPD progress, pulmonary hypertension may occur where there will be a structural changes in the lungs such as swelling of the smooth muscle and constriction of pulmonary vessels due …show more content…
When this bacteria reaches the alveoli their lungs are inflamed where there is fluid or pus present, which can cause congestion and alter lung function. Patient experience productive cough, chest pain, their may be bronchial breath sounds in the patient (Lewis et al., 2014 p663). Then the bacteria multiply and spreads the infection from one lungs to the other and live in the lower respiratory tract and inflammatory response happens also patient may experience fevers and chills, headache and fatigue (Lewis et al., 2014 p663) . The release of inflammatory mediators, cytokines and cells that causes widening of alveolar and capillaries. The involved lobe of the lungs undergoes to consolidation of lungs parenchyma. Then red hepatization occurs as the alveoli is being filled with red blood cells, fibrins, neutrophils and pneumococci that makes the lungs tissue the red appearance. Then from red it precedes to gray hepatizaion which makes the affected tissue becomes gray due to decrease blood flow, deposition of fibrins over the pleural surfaces, the presence of phagocytosis takes place so fast in the alveoli (Lewis et al., 2014 p. 663). Then resolution phase takes place where in the alveolar space there are increased number of macrophages that could be seen then it removes degenerative neutrophils ( immature neutrophils are greater than the mature neutrophils), fibrin and bacteria are digested by macrophages (Lewis et al., 2014 p 663). The normal lung tissues is being resotred and the normal function of the gas exchange in the lungs is
Patients with COPD are always associated with smoking. This diease is develops from prolonged exposure through inhalation of harmful or poisonous particles such as nicotines from smoking, dust, fumes and air pollutions. These irritants can stimulate the inflammation of airways and irritates the lungs. (Lewis et al., 2014 p732). When this irritants is being inhaled, the cilia in the lungs are damaged that causes persistent cough and increase mucus production which cause airflow obstruction (Lewis et al., 2014 p 735). As COPD progress, pulmonary hypertension may occur where there will be a structural changes in the lungs such as swelling of the smooth muscle and constriction of pulmonary vessels due …show more content…
When this bacteria reaches the alveoli their lungs are inflamed where there is fluid or pus present, which can cause congestion and alter lung function. Patient experience productive cough, chest pain, their may be bronchial breath sounds in the patient (Lewis et al., 2014 p663). Then the bacteria multiply and spreads the infection from one lungs to the other and live in the lower respiratory tract and inflammatory response happens also patient may experience fevers and chills, headache and fatigue (Lewis et al., 2014 p663) . The release of inflammatory mediators, cytokines and cells that causes widening of alveolar and capillaries. The involved lobe of the lungs undergoes to consolidation of lungs parenchyma. Then red hepatization occurs as the alveoli is being filled with red blood cells, fibrins, neutrophils and pneumococci that makes the lungs tissue the red appearance. Then from red it precedes to gray hepatizaion which makes the affected tissue becomes gray due to decrease blood flow, deposition of fibrins over the pleural surfaces, the presence of phagocytosis takes place so fast in the alveoli (Lewis et al., 2014 p. 663). Then resolution phase takes place where in the alveolar space there are increased number of macrophages that could be seen then it removes degenerative neutrophils ( immature neutrophils are greater than the mature neutrophils), fibrin and bacteria are digested by macrophages (Lewis et al., 2014 p 663). The normal lung tissues is being resotred and the normal function of the gas exchange in the lungs is