The formation of benzilic acid results from the reaction of benzil with ethanol and potassium benzilate. In order to produce benzil, benzoin was reacted with nitric acid. A crude product of benzil was produced from the reaction of benzoin and nitric acid. Through the process of multi-step synthesis, benzil was produced through the oxidation of an alpha-hydroxyketone to an alpha-diketone using nitric acid. Prior to the reaction of nitric acid and benzoin, nitric acid was protonated to form an oxonium ion. The hydroxyl group on benzoin acts as a nucleophile and attacks the positively charged nitrogen from the protonated nitric acid. This results in the removal of water from nitric acid and the formation of an organic nitrate. Water abstracts
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Table 1 provides the initial and final masses of crude and pure benzil and benzilic acid. Table 1 also shows the percent yield of each of these compounds. Table 2 provides the melting point results from the DigiMelt apparatus, which were used to test the purity of the experimental products. The percent yield of the crude product of benzil was calculated to be 73%. The melting point of the crude product of benzil was 82.0-86.2˚C, with a range of 4.2˚C. After evaluation of the high percent yield and comparison of the experimental data to literature values, it was determined that the crude product of benzil contained a large amount of impurities. These impurities could include reactants that did not completely react, such as benzoin, which resulted in a high percent yield and a large melting point range. Picture 1 above shows the experimental crystals of pure benzil after purification of crude benzil. The percent yield of the pure product of benzil was calculated to be 23.6%, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 provides the melting point of the pure product of benzil, which was 93-94.3˚C with a range of 1.3˚C. After comparison of the experimental melting point to literature values, it was determined that the benzil product was pure. Table 1 also reports the percent yield of benzilic acid, 22.9%. The experimental melting point of benzilic acid is shown as 142.7-143.1˚C, with a range of 0.4˚C. Although …show more content…
These small molecules are known as DNA encoded libraries, or DELs. These molecules can be used in order to discover interaction with relevant pharmaceutical proteins. This is important due to the fact that reactivity of DNA with pharmaceutical proteins is a potential hazard to patients. The molecular portions of DELs are produced through multistep synthesis reactions. The multistep synthesis reactions that DELs are produced are similar to the reaction from this experiment, but far more complex. While the DNA encoded library portions are produced, the molecule is attached to an encoding DNA oligomer. For this reason, the chemical diversity of DELs is limited to DNA compatible synthesis reactions. Various examples of these multistep synthesis reactions include isoindolinones, benzimidazoles, thiazoles, imidazolidinones, and quinazolinones. Some derivatives of these compounds are used as commercial drugs in pharmaceutical
Table 1 provides the initial and final masses of crude and pure benzil and benzilic acid. Table 1 also shows the percent yield of each of these compounds. Table 2 provides the melting point results from the DigiMelt apparatus, which were used to test the purity of the experimental products. The percent yield of the crude product of benzil was calculated to be 73%. The melting point of the crude product of benzil was 82.0-86.2˚C, with a range of 4.2˚C. After evaluation of the high percent yield and comparison of the experimental data to literature values, it was determined that the crude product of benzil contained a large amount of impurities. These impurities could include reactants that did not completely react, such as benzoin, which resulted in a high percent yield and a large melting point range. Picture 1 above shows the experimental crystals of pure benzil after purification of crude benzil. The percent yield of the pure product of benzil was calculated to be 23.6%, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 provides the melting point of the pure product of benzil, which was 93-94.3˚C with a range of 1.3˚C. After comparison of the experimental melting point to literature values, it was determined that the benzil product was pure. Table 1 also reports the percent yield of benzilic acid, 22.9%. The experimental melting point of benzilic acid is shown as 142.7-143.1˚C, with a range of 0.4˚C. Although …show more content…
These small molecules are known as DNA encoded libraries, or DELs. These molecules can be used in order to discover interaction with relevant pharmaceutical proteins. This is important due to the fact that reactivity of DNA with pharmaceutical proteins is a potential hazard to patients. The molecular portions of DELs are produced through multistep synthesis reactions. The multistep synthesis reactions that DELs are produced are similar to the reaction from this experiment, but far more complex. While the DNA encoded library portions are produced, the molecule is attached to an encoding DNA oligomer. For this reason, the chemical diversity of DELs is limited to DNA compatible synthesis reactions. Various examples of these multistep synthesis reactions include isoindolinones, benzimidazoles, thiazoles, imidazolidinones, and quinazolinones. Some derivatives of these compounds are used as commercial drugs in pharmaceutical