Neuromodulators: A Case Study

. Neuromodulators are messengers released by neurons that can control the activity of neurons without specifically causing a depolarization or hyperpolarization. They are found in the central nervous system, and they affect certain groups of neurons or effector cells that have the appropriate receptors. However, neuromodulators can be used to treat epilepsy, other pain syndromes and even certain movement disorders. Examples of neuromodulators are as follows;
a. Noradrenaline (Noradrenaline system). According to Khetrapal (Hons), noradrenaline acts as a quick modulation of circuits and cellular energy metabolism. Khetrapal (Hons) also explained that noradrenaline enhances both neural and non-neural cells. Rogers (2018) explained that noradrenaline increases the rate of skeletal muscle and heart rate contraction. However, noradrenaline contains catechol group and it is …show more content…
Noradrenaline narrows blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. ii. It also increases blood glucose levels, which circulates fatty acids. iii. Clinically, noradrenaline maintains blood pressure in septic shock, or even shock.

b. Acetylcholine can act as a neuromodulator because it is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. According to Khetrapal (Hons), cholinergic signaling of acetylcholine can release glucose, and it can regulate sleep patterns, and other endocrine functions. According to The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, acetylcholine is part of the autonomic nervous stem that widens blood vessels, contracts smooth muscle and decreases heart rate. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica explained that when a nerve impulse arrives at the end of a motor neuron, acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction of the peripheral nervous system. Yet, Brenner, and Stevens, (2006) explained that when acetylcholine reacts to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, it opens the gate for sodium channels to enter, which enhances muscle