Adrenal medulla:- The adrenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Both of these hormones help to increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the “fight-or-flight” response to stress. These hormones also work to increase heart rate, breathing rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure while decreasing the flow of blood to and function of organs that are not involved in responding to emergencies.…
Our sympathetic nervous system and our parasympathetic nervous system are very central to how we feel and why we feel this way. Knowing how to control these parts of our body can ultimately help with nerves before an upcoming test or date. And as many people suffer from speech anxiety knowing about these systems can be valuable to calming down. Of course, our minds are always changing as we age and thanks to psychology we have clues on what to expect next. The book and video show what separates adults from children and the different stages humans go through.…
There is currently interest in the association between ANS activity and somatic/cardiac conditions and mental health disorders. The ANS is comprised of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS); two branches that play necessary, opposing roles in maintaining physiological balance. Together the SNS and the PNS regulate unconscious functions of the body, such as breathing, heart rate, and pupillary response. Normally, the activity of the SNS and PNS are in balance; however, several factors have the potential to disrupt this balance.…
The amygdala and hippocampus assume crucial parts in emotions and memory. Located in the brain, the amygdala rests on either side of the thalamus and directly below the hippocampus and dictates some emotion. When damaged, emotions do not work efficiently and the creature will become indifferent to stimuli. Also located in the brain, the hippocampus lies beneath the thalamus and controls the process of changing short-term memory to long-term memory. If damaged this will inhibit the creature from creating new memories and many memories will be lost.…
The hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex assists the brain in determining what is stressful and how to respond to the situation. The hippocampus not only stores memories and events but it also responds to the stress hormones in the blood. Mental disorders, like depression, may cause the neurons in the hippocampus to shrink, or weaken, starting a chain reaction to mental disorders. As the brain makes new neurons the repeated stress slows the production of those new neurons. Another key structure in emotional regulation is the prefrontal cortex.…
When people engage in stressful social interactions, they make eye contact, talk and listen in order to calm themselves down. In addition, people can have a 'fight-or-flight' response when they believe they're in danger. The fight-or-flight response is the psychological response that prepares a person to either fight or flee from a threat, attack or harm. This causes their heart to race faster, blood pressure to rise, their muscle to tense and increase in speed and and strength. Once they believe the danger has passed, their nervous system returns to normal.…
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication hormone and neurotransmitter. This medication is used for a few conditions such as anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest and superficial. Epinephrine also releases a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles for exertion. this is known as adrenaline. Adrenaline is produced and released from the adrenal glands and its major action, together with noradrenaline, is to prepare the body for fight or flight modes.…
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are excitatory neurotransmitters. According to Neurogistics.com, excitatory neurotransmitters are what stimulate the brain. When these excitatory neurotransmitters are released, the specific portion of the brain that they effect show an increased amount of brain activity. According to Rice University, norepinephrine affects part of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. Norepinephrine also is transmitted in the hypothalamus and limbic system and have been known to be involved in appetite and mood control and nervous system arousal.…
Question 1. a) “What serosal cavities have been penetrated by the 1st arrow?” The pleural cavity and pericardial cavity have been penetrated by the 1st arrow as they tend to appear in the thoracic cavity on the left side of the chest. b) “Explain the location, the microscopic characteristics of the serous membrane, and the purpose of the serous membrane.”…
PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder, is an anxiety disorder triggered by the experience of a life-threatening traumatic event. This disorder is a mental illness, and traumatic memories often scar victims of this disease. To be diagnosed with PTSD, a victim must have been “in a situation [of high] risk for death, serious injury, or sexual violation” (WebMD). Studies show that PTSD is related to changes in brain function. Individuals with pre-existing abnormal brain functions may have a higher chance of having PTSD after experiencing a traumatic event.…
RESULTS: 1. BEHAVIORAL DATA CATEGORY A CATEGORY B (6a) (6b) Fig.6a: SAM Scale for positive valence low arousal Fig.6b: SAM Scale for positive valence high arousal The valence, arousal and dominance was plotted using SAM SCALE. For low arousal (Fig.6a), the valence ratings are: mean=7.24 and S.D= 1.15281; the arousal ratings are: mean=3.6 and S.D=1.87355; the dominance ratings are: mean=6.58 and S.D=1.87453.…
Norepinephrine is synthesized in the brain by hydroxylation of dopamine, making its structure almost identical to that of dopamine, differing only in the addition of a hydroxyl group. Norepinephrine is commonly known for its relation to adrenaline in preparing the body’s “fight or flight” response. More specifically, norepinephrine in the brain is largely responsible for alertness and readiness for action. Readying the brain for action includes enhancing sensory processing, increasing attention span, and enhancing memory retrieval and…
Aging in the brain is a complex process that involves several systems and structures. As the brain ages, there is a decreased activity in neurotransmission and increased risk for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysfunction of the central noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems is one of the biological characteristics of aging in the brain and may contribute to changes in cognitive and motor functions in old individuals. Furthermore, aging-dependent norepinephrine (NE) loss occurs earlier than that of dopamine (DA) and a functional noradrenergic system may influence dopaminergic activities as evidenced by the fact that an intact noradrenergic system is neuroprotective on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and endogenous NE…
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system and its primary purpose is to stimulate the body’s flight-or-fight response. The way that the sympathetic nervous system relates to the mugging and the conversation is that when Jean Cabot is being mugged her sympathetic nervous system will help prepare her to stay and fight or to run away. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for stimulation of “rest-and-digest” or “feed-and -breed” activities that occur when the body is at rest. The way that the parasympathetic nervous system relates to the mugging and the conversation is that when she gets home, after the mugging, her parasympathetic nervous system will help her body calm down. A conditioned response is an…
This past week my sympathetic nervous system was activated during a game of kick ball. My team was on offense and as the ball rolled into home, I was expecting a big kick. I was not focusing on what was going, and to my surprise, the ball was kicked right towards me! My fight or flight instincts ramped up when I became aware of my surroundings. My body immediately took action and I braced myself for the hit.…